CELL LINES AND METHODS FOR MAKING AND USING THEM (As Amended)

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to novel cells and cell lines, and methods for making and using them.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to novel cells and cell lines, and methods for making and using them.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Currently, the industry average failure rate for drug discovery programs in pharmaceutical companies is reported to be approximately 98%. Although this includes failures at all stages of the process, the high failure rate points to a dire need for any improvements in the efficiency of the process.

One factor contributing to the high failure rate is the lack of cell lines expressing therapeutic targets for used in cell-based functional assays during drug discovery. Indisputably, research using cell-based assays, especially drug discovery research, would benefit from cells and cell lines for use in cell-based assays.

Consequently, there is a great need for rapid and effective establishment of cell based assays for more rapid discovery of new and improved drugs. Preferably, for more effective drug discovery, the assay system should provide a more physiologically relevant predictor of the effect of a modulator in vivo.

Beyond the need for cell-based assays is a need for improved cells for protein production, cell-based therapy and a variety of other uses.

Accordingly, there is an urgent need for cells and cell lines that express a function protein or RNA of interest.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In some embodiments, the invention provides a cell that expresses a heterodimeric protein of interest from an introduced nucleic acid encoding at least one of the subunits of the heterodimeric protein of interest, said cell being characterized in that it produces the heterodimeric protein of interest in a form suitable for use in a functional assay, wherein said protein of interest does not comprise a protein tag, or said protein is produced in that form consistently and reproducibly such that the cell has a Z′ factor of at least 0.4 in the functional assay, or said cell is cultured in the absence of selective pressure, or any combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the invention provides a cell that expresses a heterodimeric protein of interest, wherein the cell is engineered to activate transcription of an endogenous nucleic acid encoding at least one of the subunits of the heterodimeric protein of interest, said cell being characterized in that it produces the heterodimeric protein of interest in a form suitable for use in a functional assay, wherein said protein of interest does not comprise a protein tag, or said protein is produced in that form consistently and reproducibly such that the cell has a Z′ factor of at least 0.4 in the functional assay, or said cell is cultured in the absence of selective pressure, or any combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the invention provides a cell that expresses a heterodimeric protein of interest from an introduced nucleic acid encoding at least one of the subunits of the heterodimeric protein of interest, said cell being characterized in that it produces the protein of interest in a form that is or is capable of becoming biologically active, wherein the cell is cultured in the absence of selective pressure.

In some embodiments, the invention provides a cell that expresses a heterodimeric protein of interest wherein the cell is engineered to activate transcription of an endogenous nucleic acid encoding at least one of the subunits of the heterodimeric protein of interest, said cell being characterized in that it produces the protein of interest in a form that is or is capable of becoming biologically active, wherein the cell is cultured in the absence of selective pressure.

In some embodiments, the nucleic acid encoding the second subunit of the heterodimeric protein of interest is endogenous. In other embodiments, the nucleic acid encoding the second subunit of the heterodimeric protein of interest is introduced. In yet other embodiments, the protein of interest does not comprise a protein tag.

In some embodiments, the heterodimeric protein of interest is selected from the group consisting of: an ion channel, a G protein coupled receptor (GPCR), tyrosine receptor kinase, cytokine receptor, nuclear steroid hormone receptor and immunological receptor. In some embodiments, the heterodimeric protein of interest is selected from the group consisting of: a sweet taste receptor and an umami taste receptor. In other embodiments, the heterodimeric protein of interest has no known ligand.

In some embodiments, the heterodimeric protein of interest is not expressed in a cell of the same type. In some embodiments the cell is a mammalian cell.

In some embodiments, the cell is further characterized in that it has an additional desired property selected from the group consisting of: a signal to noise ratio greater than 1, being stable over time, growth without selective pressure without losing expression, physiological EC50 values, and physiological IC50 values. In some embodiments, the heterodimeric protein of interest is produced in a form consistently and reproducibly for a period of time selected from: at least one week, at least two weeks, at least three weeks, at least one month, at least two months, at least three months at least four months, at least five months, at least six months, at least seven months, at least eight months, and at least nine months. In some embodiments, the functional assay is selected from the group consisting of: a cell-based assay, a fluorescent cell-based assay, a high throughput screening assay, a reporter cell-based assay, a G protein mediated cell-based assay, and a calcium flux cell-based assay. In other embodiments, the cell is suitable for utilization in a cell based high throughput screening.

In some embodiments, the selective pressure is an antibiotic. In other embodiments, the cell expresses the heterodimeric protein in the absence of selective pressure for at least 15 days, 30 days, 45 days, 60 days, 75 days, 100 days, 120 days, or 150 days.

In some embodiments, the invention provides a cell that expresses a heteromultimeric protein of interest wherein said heteromultimeric protein comprises at least 3 subunits, wherein at least one subunit of the heteromultimeric protein interest is encoded by an introduced nucleic acid, said cell being characterized in that it produces the heteromultimeric protein of interest in a form suitable for use in a functional assay, wherein said protein of interest does not comprise a protein tag, or said protein produced in that form consistently and reproducibly such that the cell has a Z′ factor of at least 0.4 in the functional assay, or said cell is cultured in the absence of selective pressure, or any combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the invention provides a cell that expresses a heteromultimeric protein of interest wherein said heteromultimeric protein comprises at least 3 subunits, wherein the cell is engineered to activate transcription of an endogenous nucleic acid encoding at least one of the subunits of the heteromultimeric protein of interest, said cell being characterized in that it produces the heteromultimeric protein of interest in a form suitable for use in a functional assay, wherein said protein of interest does not comprise a protein tag, or said protein produced in that form consistently and reproducibly such that the cell has a Z′ factor of at least 0.4 in the functional assay, or said cell is cultured in the absence of selective pressure, or any combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the invention provides a cell that expresses a heteromultimeric protein of interest wherein said heteromultimeric protein comprises at least 3 subunits, wherein at least one subunit of the heteromultimeric protein interest is encoded by an introduced nucleic acid, said cell being characterized in that it produces the protein of interest in a form that is or is capable of becoming biologically active.

In some embodiments, the invention provides a cell that expresses a heteromultimeric protein of interest wherein said heteromultimeric protein comprises at least 3 subunits, wherein the cell is engineered to activate transcription of an endogenous nucleic acid encoding at least one of the subunits of the heteromultimeric protein of interest, said cell being characterized in that it produces the protein of interest in a form that is or is capable of becoming biologically active.

In some embodiments, the nucleic acid encoding at least one of the subunits of the heteromultimeric protein of interest is endogenous.

In some embodiments, the nucleic acid encoding at least one of the subunits of the heteromultimeric protein of interest is introduced.

In some embodiments, the protein of interest does not comprise a protein tag.

In some embodiments, the heteromultimeric protein of interest is selected from the group consisting of: an ion channel, a G protein coupled receptor (GPCR), tyrosine receptor kinase, cytokine receptor, nuclear steroid hormone receptor and immunological receptor. In other embodiments, the heteromultimeric protein of interest is selected from the group consisting of: GABA, ENaC and NaV. In some embodiments, the heteromultimeric protein of interest has no known ligand.

In some embodiments, the heteromultimeric protein of interest is not expressed in a cell of the same type. In other embodiments, the cell is a mammalian cell.

In some embodiments, the cell is further characterized in that it has an additional desired property selected from the group consisting of: a signal to noise ratio greater than 1, being stable over time, growth without selective pressure without losing expression, physiological EC50 values, and physiological IC50 values. In other embodiments, the heteromultimeric protein of interest is produced in a form consistently and reproducibly for a period of time selected from: at least one week, at least two weeks, at least three weeks, at least one month, at least two months, at least three months at least four months, at least five months, at least six months, at least seven months, at least eight months, and at least nine months.

In some embodiments, the functional assay is selected from the group consisting of: a cell-based assay, a fluorescent cell-based assay, a high throughput screening assay, a reporter cell-based assay, a G protein mediated cell-based assay, and a calcium flux cell-based assay. In other embodiments, the cell expressing the heteromultimeric protein is suitable for utilization in a cell based high throughput screening.

In some embodiments, the cells expressing the heteromultimeric protein are cultured in the absence of selective pressure. In some embodiments, the selective pressure is an antibiotic. In other embodiments, The cell according to claim 35 or 36, wherein the cell expresses the heteromultimeric protein in the absence of selective pressure for at least 15 days, 30 days, 45 days, 60 days, 75 days, 100 days, 120 days, or 150 days.

In some embodiments, the invention provides a cell that expresses two or more proteins of interest from an introduced nucleic acid encoding at least one of the proteins of interest, said cell being characterized in that it produces the proteins of interest in a form suitable for use in a functional assay, wherein said proteins of interest do not comprise a protein tag, or said proteins are produced in that form consistently and reproducibly such that the cell has a Z′ factor of at least 0.4 in the functional assay, or said cell is cultured in the absence of selective pressure, or any combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the invention provides a cell that expresses two or more proteins of interest, wherein the cell is engineered to activate transcription of an endogenous nucleic acid encoding at least one of the proteins of interest, said cell being characterized in that it produces the proteins of interest in a form suitable for use in a functional assay, wherein said proteins of interest do not comprise a protein tag, or said proteins are produced in that form consistently and reproducibly such that the cell has a Z′ factor of at least 0.4 in the functional assay, or said cell is cultured in the absence of selective pressure, or any combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the invention provides a cell that expresses two or more proteins of interest from an introduced nucleic acid encoding at least one of the proteins of interest, said cell being characterized in that it produces the proteins of interest in a form that is or is capable of becoming biologically active.

In some embodiments, the invention provides a cell that expresses two or more proteins of interest, wherein the cell is engineered to activate transcription of an endogenous nucleic acid encoding at least one of the proteins of interest, said cell being characterized in that it produces the proteins of interest in a form that is or is capable of becoming biologically active.

In some embodiments, at least one of the two or more proteins of interest is a dimeric protein. In other embodiments, the dimeric protein of interest is a homodimeric protein. In other embodiments, the dimeric protein of interest is a heterodimeric protein. In some embodiments, at least one of the two or more proteins of interest is a multimeric protein. In other embodiments, the multimeric protein of interest is a homomultimeric protein. In other embodiments, the multimeric protein of interest is a heteromultimeric protein.

In some of the embodiments, one of the two or more proteins of interest is encoded by an endogenous nucleic acid. In other embodiments, one of the two or more proteins of interest is encoded by an introduced nucleic acid. In other embodiments, the proteins of interest do not comprise a protein tag.

In some embodiments, one of the two or more proteins of interest is selected from the group consisting of: an ion channel, a G protein coupled receptor (GPCR), tyrosine receptor kinase, cytokine receptor, nuclear steroid hormone receptor and immunological receptor. In other embodiments one of the proteins of interest has no known ligand.

In some embodiments, one of the two or more proteins of interest is not expressed in a cell of the same type. In some embodiments, the cell expressing the two or more proteins is a mammalian cell.

In some embodiments, the cell expressing the two or more proteins is further characterized in that it has an additional desired property selected from the group consisting of: a signal to noise ratio greater than 1, being stable over time, growth without selective pressure without losing expression, physiological EC50 values, and physiological IC50 values.

In some embodiments, the two or more proteins of interest are produced in a form consistently and reproducibly for a period of time selected from: at least one week, at least two weeks, at least three weeks, at least one month, at least two months, at least three months at least four months, at least five months, at least six months, at least seven months, at least eight months, and at least nine months.

In some embodiments, the functional assay is selected from the group consisting of: a cell-based assay, a fluorescent cell-based assay, a high throughput screening assay, a reporter cell-based assay, a G protein mediated cell-based assay, and a calcium flux cell-based assay. In some embodiments, the cell expressing the two or more proteins is suitable for utilization in a cell based high throughput screening.

In some embodiments, the cell expressing the two or more proteins is cultured in the absence of selective pressure. In some embodiments, the selective pressure is an antibiotic. In some embodiments, the cell expresses the two or more proteins in the absence of selective pressure for at least 15 days, 30 days, 45 days, 60 days, 75 days, 100 days, 120 days, or 150 days.

In some embodiments, the invention provides a cell that expresses at least one RNA of interest, wherein said RNA of interest is encoded by an introduced nucleic acid, said cell being characterized in that it produces the at least one RNA of interest in a form suitable for use in a functional assay, wherein said RNA of interest do not comprise a tag, or said RNA is produced in that form consistently and reproducibly such that the cell has a Z′ factor of at least 0.4 in the functional assay, or said cell is cultured in the absence of selective pressure, or any combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the invention provides a cell that expresses at least one RNA of interest, wherein the cell is engineered to activate transcription of an endogenous nucleic acid encoding the at least one RNA of interest, said cell being characterized in that it produces the at least one RNA of interest in a form suitable for use in a functional assay, wherein said RNA of interest do not comprise a tag, or said RNA is produced in that form consistently and reproducibly such that the cell has a Z′ factor of at least 0.4 in the functional assay or said cell is cultured in the absence of selective pressure, or any combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the cell expresses at least two RNAs of interest. In other embodiments, the cell expresses at least three RNAs of interest. In some embodiments, the cell further expresses a RNA encoded by an introduced nucleic acid. In some embodiments, the RNA of interest is selected from the group consisting of: a RNA encoding an ion channel, a RNA encoding a G protein coupled receptor (GPCR), a RNA encoding a tyrosine receptor kinase, a RNA encoding a cytokine receptor, a RNA encoding a nuclear steroid hormone receptor and a RNA encoding an immunological receptor.

In some embodiments, the RNA of interest is not expressed in a cell of the same type. In some embodiments, the cell expressing the RNA of interest is a mammalian cell.

In some embodiments, the cell expressing the RNA of interest is further characterized in that it has an additional desired property selected from the group consisting of: a signal to noise ratio greater than 1, being stable over time, growth without selective pressure without losing expression, physiological EC50 values, and physiological IC50 values. In some embodiments, the RNA of interest is produced in a form consistently and reproducibly for a period of time selected from: at least one week, at least two weeks, at least three weeks, at least one month, at least two months, at least three months at least four months, at least five months, at least six months, at least seven months, at least eight months, and at least nine months.

In some embodiments, the functional assay is selected from the group consisting of: a cell-based assay, a fluorescent cell-based assay, a high throughput screening assay, a reporter cell-based assay, a G protein mediated cell-based assay, and a calcium flux cell-based assay.

In some embodiments, the cell expressing the RNA of interest is suitable for utilization in a cell based high throughput screening.

In some embodiments, the invention provides a cell line produced from a cell described herein.

In some embodiments, the invention provides a method for producing a cell that expresses a protein of interest, wherein the cell has at least one desired property that is consistent over time, comprising the steps of:

-   -   a) providing a plurality of cells that express mRNA encoding the         protein of interest;     -   b) dispersing cells individually into individual culture         vessels, thereby providing a plurality of separate cell cultures     -   c) culturing the cells under a set of desired culture conditions         using automated cell culture methods characterized in that the         conditions are substantially identical for each of the separate         cell cultures, during which culturing the number of cells per         separate cell culture is normalized, and wherein the separate         cultures are passaged on the same schedule;     -   d) assaying the separate cell cultures for at least one desired         characteristic of the protein of interest at least twice; and     -   e) identifying a separate cell culture that has the desired         characteristic in both assay.

In some embodiments, the plurality of cells in step a) of the methods described herein are cultured for some period of time prior to the dispersing in step b).

In some embodiments, the individual culture vessels used in the methods of this invention are selected from the group consisting of: individual wells of a multiwell plate and vials.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises the step of determining the growth rate of a plurality of the separate cell cultures and grouping the separate cell cultures by their growth rates into groups such that the difference between the fastest and slowest growth rates in any group is no more than 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 hours between steps b) and c).

In some embodiments, the method further comprises the step of preparing a stored stock of one or more of the separate cultures. In some embodiments, the method further comprises the step of one or more replicate sets of the separate cell cultures and culturing the one or more replicate sets separately from the source separate cell cultures.

In some embodiments, the assaying in step d) of the method of this invention is a functional assay for the protein.

In some embodiments, the at least one characteristic that has remained constant in step e) is protein function.

In some embodiments, the culturing in step c) of the methods of this invention is in a robotic cell culture apparatus. In some embodiments, the robotic cell culture apparatus comprises a multi-channel robotic pipettor. In some embodiments, the multi-channel robotic pipettor comprises at least 96 channels. In some embodiments, the robotic cell culture apparatus further comprises a cherry-picking arm.

In some embodiments, the automated methods include one or more of: media removal, media replacement, cell washing, reagent addition, removal of cells, cell dispersal, and cell passaging.

In some embodiments, the plurality of separate cell cultures used in the methods of this invention is at least 50 cultures. In other embodiments, the plurality of separate cell cultures is at least 100 cultures. In other embodiments, the plurality of separate cell cultures is at least 500 cultures. In yet other embodiments, the plurality of separate cell cultures is at least 1000 cultures.

In some embodiments, the growth rate is determined by a method selected from the group consisting of: measuring ATP, measuring cell confluency, light scattering, optical density measurement. In some embodiments, the difference between the fastest and slowest growth rates in a group is no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 hours.

In some embodiments, the culturing in step c) of the methods of this invention is for at least 2 days.

In some embodiments, the growth rates of the plurality of separate cell cultures are determined by dispersing the cells and measuring cell confluency. In some embodiments, the cells in each separate cell culture of the methods of this invention are dispersed prior to measuring cell confluency. In some embodiments, the dispersing step comprises adding trypsin to the well and to eliminate clumps. In some embodiments, the cell confluency of the plurality of separate cell cultures is measured using an automated microplate reader.

In some embodiments, at least two confluency measurements are made before growth rate is calculated. In some embodiments, the cell confluency is measured by an automated plate reader and the confluency values are used with a software program that calculates growth rate.

In some embodiments, the separate cell cultures in step d) are characterization for a desired trait selected from one or more of: fragility, morphology, adherence to a solid surface; lack of adherence to a solid surface and protein function.

In some embodiments, the cells used in the methods of this invention are eukaryotic cells. In some embodiments, the eukaryotic cells used in the methods of this invention are mammalian cells. In some embodiments, the mammalian cell line is selected from the group consisting of: NS0 cells, CHO cells, COS cells, HEK-293 cells, HUVECs, 3T3 cells and HeLa cells.

In some embodiments, the protein of interest expressed in the methods of this invention is a human protein. In some embodiments, the protein of interest is a heteromultimer. In some embodiments, the protein of interest is a G protein coupled receptor. In other embodiments, the protein has no known ligand.

In some embodiments, the method of this invention, further comprises after the identifying step, the steps of:

-   -   a) expanding a stored aliquot of the cell culture identified in         step e) under desired culture conditions;     -   b) determining if the expanded cell culture of a) has the         desired characteristic.

In some embodiments, the invention provides a matched panel of clonal cell lines, wherein the clonal cell lines are of the same cell type, and wherein each cell line in the panel expresses a protein of interest, and wherein the clonal cell lines in the panel are matched to share the same physiological property to allow parallel processing. In some embodiments, the physiological property is growth rate. In other embodiments, the physiological property is adherence to a tissue culture surface. In other embodiments, the physiological property is Z′ factor. In other embodiments, the physiological property is expression level of RNA encoding the protein of interest. In yet other embodiments, the physiological property is expression level of the protein of interest.

In some embodiments, the growth rates of the clonal cell lines in the panel are within 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 hours of each other. In other embodiments, the culture conditions used for the matched panel are the same for all clonal cell lines in the panel.

In some embodiments, the clonal cell line used in the matched panels is a eukaryotic cell line. In some embodiments, the eukaryotic cell line is a mammalian cell line. In some embodiments, the cell line cells used in the matched panels are selected from the group consisting of: primary cells and immortalized cells.

In some embodiments, the cell line cells used in the matched panels are prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In some embodiments, the cell line cells used in the matched panels are eukaryotic and are selected from the group consisting of: fungal cells, insect cells, mammalian cells, yeast cells, algae, crustacean cells, arthropod cells, avian cells, reptilian cells, amphibian cells and plant cells. In some embodiments, the cell line cells used in the matched panels are mammalian and are selected from the group consisting of: human, non-human primate, bovine, porcine, feline, rat, marsupial, murine, canine, ovine, caprine, rabbit, guinea pig hamster.

In some embodiments, the cells in the cell line of the matched panels are engineered to express the protein of interest. In some embodiments, the cells in the cell line of the matched panels express the protein of interest from an introduced nucleic acid encoding the protein or, in the case of a multimeric protein, encoding a subunit of the protein. In some embodiments, the cells express the protein of interest from an endogenous nucleic acid and wherein the cell is engineered to activate transcription of the endogenous protein or, in the case of a multimeric protein, activates transcription of a subunit of the protein.

In some embodiments, the panel comprises at least four clonal cell lines. In other embodiments, the panel comprises at least six clonal cell lines. In yet other embodiments, the panel comprises at least twenty five clonal cell lines.

In some embodiments, two or more of the clonal cell lines in the panel express the same protein of interest. In other embodiments, two or more of the clonal cell lines in the panel express a different protein of interest.

In some embodiments, the cell lines in the panel express different forms of a protein of interest, wherein the forms are selected from the group consisting of: isoforms, amino acid sequence variants, splice variants, truncated forms, fusion proteins, chimeras, or combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the cell lines in the panel express different proteins in a group of proteins of interest, wherein the groups of proteins of interest are selected from the group consisting of: proteins in the same signaling pathway, expression library of similar proteins, monoclonal antibody heavy chain library, monoclonal antibody light chain library and SNPs.

In some embodiments, the protein of interest expressed in the panel is a single chain protein. In some embodiments, the single chain protein is a G protein coupled receptor. In some embodiments, the G protein coupled receptor is a taste receptor. In some embodiments, the taste receptor is selected from the group consisting of: a bitter taste receptor, a sweet taste receptor, a salt taste receptor and a umami taste receptor.

In other embodiments, the protein of interest expressed in the panel is a multimeric protein. In some embodiments, the protein is a heterodimer or a heteromultimer.

In some embodiments, the protein of interest expressed in the panel is selected from the group consisting of: an ion channel, an ion channel, a G protein coupled receptor (GPCR), tyrosine receptor kinase, cytokine receptor, nuclear steroid hormone receptor and immunological receptor. In some embodiments, the protein expressed in the matched panel is Epithelial sodium Channel (ENaC). In some embodiments, the ENaC comprises an alpha subunit, a beta subunit and a gamma subunit. In other embodiments, the cell lines in the panel express different ENaC isoforms. In other embodiments, the cell lines in the panel comprise different proteolyzed isoforms of ENaC. In some embodiments, the ENaC is human ENaC. In some embodiments the protein expressed in the matched panel is voltage gated sodium channel (NaV). In some embodiments, the NaV comprises an alpha subunit and two beta subunits. In some embodiments, the NaV is human NaV.

In some embodiments, the protein expressed in the matched panel is selected from the group consisting of: gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptor (GABA_(A) receptor), gamma-aminobutyric acid B receptor (GABA_(B) receptor) and gamma-aminobutyric acid C receptor (GABA_(C) receptor). In some embodiments, the protein is GABA_(A) receptor. In some embodiments, the GABA_(A) receptor comprises two alpha subunits, two beta subunits and a gamma or delta subunit.

In some embodiments, the clonal cell lines in the panel are produced simultaneously, or within no more than 4 weeks of each other.

In some embodiments, the invention provides a cell that expresses a monomeric protein of interest from an introduced nucleic acid encoding said monomeric protein of interest, characterized in that it produces the protein of interest in a form that is or is capable of becoming biologically active, wherein the cell is cultured in the absence of selective pressure and wherein the expression of the protein does not vary by more than 5% over 3 months. In some embodiments the expression of the protein does not vary by more than 5% over 6 months. In some embodiments, the monomeric protein of interest has no known ligand.

In some embodiments, the invention provides A method for identifying a modulator of a protein of interest comprising the steps of:

-   -   a) contacting a cell according to any one of the above-described         cell embodiments with a test compound; and     -   b) detecting a change in the activity of the protein of interest         in the cell contacted with the test compound compared to the         activity of the protein in a cell not contacted by the test         compound;         wherein a compound that produces a difference in the activity in         the presence compared to in the absence is a modulator of the         protein of interest.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a modulator identified by the method of the preceding paragraph.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Exemplary methods and materials are described below, although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can also be used in the practice or testing of the present invention. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control.

All publications and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. Although a number of documents are cited herein, this citation does not constitute an admission that any of these documents forms part of the common general knowledge in the art.

Throughout this specification and claims, the word “comprise,” or variations such as “comprises” or “comprising” will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or group of integers but not the exclusion of any other integer or group of integers. Unless otherwise required by context, singular terms shall include pluralities and plural terms shall include the singular. The materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting.

In order that the present invention may be more readily understood, certain terms are first defined. Additional definitions are set forth throughout the detailed description.

The term “stable” or “stably expressing” is meant to distinguish the cells and cell lines of the invention from cells that transiently express proteins as the terms “stable expression” and “transient expression” would be understood by a person of skill in the art.

As used herein, a “functional” RNA or protein of interest is one that has a signal to noise ratio greater than 1:1 in a cell based assay. In some embodiments, a functional protein or RNA of interest has one or more of the biological activities of the naturally occurring or endogenously expressed protein or RNA.

The term “cell line” or “clonal cell line” refers to a population of cells that is progeny of a single original cell. As used herein, cell lines are maintained in vitro in cell culture and may be frozen in aliquots to establish banks of clonal cells.

The term “stringent conditions” or “stringent hybridization conditions” describe temperature and salt conditions for hybridizing one or more nucleic acid probes to a nucleic acid sample and washing off probes that have not bound specifically to target nucleic acids in the sample. Stringent conditions are known to those skilled in the art and can be found in, for example, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y. (1989), 6.3.1-6.3.6. Aqueous and nonaqueous methods are described in the Protocols and either can be used. One example of stringent hybridization conditions is hybridization in 6×SSC at about 45° C., followed by at least one wash in 0.2×SSC, 0.1% SDS at 60° C. Another example of stringent hybridization conditions is hybridization in 6×SSC at about 45° C., followed by at least one wash in 0.2×SSC, 0.1% SDS at 65° C. Stringent hybridization conditions also include hybridization in 0.5M sodium phosphate, 7% SDS at 65° C., followed by at least one wash at 0.2×SSC, 1% SDS at 65° C.

The phrase “percent identical” or “percent identity” in connection with amino acid and/or nucleic acid sequences refers to the similarity between at least two different sequences. The percent identity can be determined by standard alignment algorithms, for example, the Basic Local Alignment Tool (BLAST) described by Altshul et al. ((1990) J. Mol. Biol., 215: 403-410); the algorithm of Needleman et al. ((1970) J. Mol. Biol., 48: 444-453); or the algorithm of Meyers et al. ((1988) Comput. Appl. Biosci., 4: 11-17). A set of parameters may be the Blosum 62 scoring matrix with a gap penalty of 12, a gap extend penalty of 4, and a frameshift gap penalty of 5. The percent identity between two amino acid or nucleotide sequences can also be determined using the algorithm of E. Meyers and W. Miller ((1989) CABIOS, 4:11-17) that has been incorporated into the ALIGN program (version 2.0), using a PAM120 weight residue table, a gap length penalty of 12 and a gap penalty of 4. The percent identity is usually calculated by comparing sequences of similar length.

Protein analysis software matches similar amino acid sequences using measures of similarity assigned to various substitutions, deletions and other modifications, including conservative amino acid substitutions. For instance, the GCG Wisconsin Package (Accelrys, Inc.) contains programs such as “Gap” and “Bestfit” that can be used with default parameters to determine sequence identity between closely related polypeptides, such as homologous polypeptides from different species or between a wild type protein and a mutein thereof. See, e.g., GCG Version 6.1. Polypeptide sequences also can be compared using FASTA using default or recommended parameters. A program in GCG Version 6.1. FASTA (e.g., FASTA2 and FASTA3) provides alignments and percent sequence identity of the regions of the best overlap between the query and search sequences (Pearson, Methods Enzymol. 183:63-98 (1990); Pearson, Methods Mol. Biol. 132:185-219 (2000)).

The length of polypeptide sequences compared for identity will generally be at least about 16 amino acid residues, usually at least about 20 residues, more usually at least about 24 residues, typically at least about 28 residues, and preferably more than about 35 residues. The length of a DNA sequence compared for identity will generally be at least about 48 nucleic acid residues, usually at least about 60 nucleic acid residues, more usually at least about 72 nucleic acid residues, typically at least about 84 nucleic acid residues, and preferably more than about 105 nucleic acid residues.

The phrase “substantially as set out,” “substantially identical” or “substantially homologous” in connection with an amino acid or nucleotide sequence means that the relevant amino acid or nucleotide sequence will be identical to or have insubstantial differences (e.g., conserved amino acid substitutions or nucleic acids encoding such substitutions) in comparison to the comparator sequences. Insubstantial differences include minor amino acid changes, such as 1 or 2 substitutions in a 50 amino acid sequence of a specified region and the nucleic acids that encode those sequences.

Modulators include any substance or compound that alters an activity of a protein of interest. The modulator can be an agonist (potentiator or activator) or antagonist (inhibitor or blocker), including partial agonists or antagonists, selective agonists or antagonists and inverse agonists, and can also be an allosteric modulator. A substance or compound is a modulator even if its modulating activity changes under different conditions or concentrations or with respect to different forms of a protein of interest. In other aspects, a modulator may change the ability of another modulator to affect the function of a protein of interest.

The terms “potentiator”, “agonist” or “activator” refer to a compound or substance that increases one or more activities of a protein of interest.

The terms “inhibitor”, “antagonist” or “blocker” refer to a compound or substance that decreases or blocks one or more activities of a protein of interest.

The invention provides for the first time novel cells and cell lines produced from the cells that meet the urgent need for cells that stably express a functional RNA of interest or a functional protein of interest, including complex proteins such as heteromultimeric proteins and proteins for which no ligand is known. The cells and cell lines of the invention are suitable for any use in which consistent, functional expression of an RNA or protein of interest are desirable. Applicants have produced cell lines meeting this description for a variety of proteins, both single subunit and heteromultimeric (including heterodimeric and proteins with more than two different subunits), including membrane proteins, cytosolic proteins and secreted proteins, as well as various combinations of these.

In one aspect, the cells and cell lines of the invention are suitable for use in a cell-based assay. Such cells and cell lines provide consistent and reproducible expression of the protein of interest over time and, thus, are particularly advantageous in such assays.

In another aspect, the invention provides cells and cell lines that are suitable for the production of biological molecules. The cells and cell lines for such use are characterized, for example, by consistent expression of a protein or polypeptide that is functional or that is capable of becoming functional.

The invention further provides a method for producing cells and cell lines that stably express an RNA or a protein of interest. Using the method of the invention, one can produce cells and cell lines that express any desired protein in functional form, including complex proteins such as multimeric proteins, (e.g., heteromultimeric proteins) and proteins that are cytotoxic. The method disclosed herein makes possible the production of engineered cells and cell lines stably expressing functional proteins that prior to this invention have not previously been produced. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that because the method permits investigation of very large numbers of cells or cell lines under any desired set of conditions, it makes possible the identification of rare cells that would not have been produced in smaller populations or could not otherwise be found and that are optimally suited to express a desired protein in a functional form under desired conditions.

In a further aspect, the invention provides a matched panel of cell lines, i.e., a collection of clonal cell lines that are matched for one or more physiological properties. Because the method of the invention permits maintenance and characterization of large numbers of cell lines under identical conditions, it is possible to identify any number of cell lines with similar physiological properties. Using the method of the invention, it is possible to make matched panels comprising any desired number of cell lines or make up Such matched panels may be maintained under identical conditions, including cell density and, thus, are useful for high throughput screening and other uses where it is desired to compare and identify differences between cell lines. Also within the invention are matched panels of cell lines that are matched for growth rate.

In another aspect, the invention provides a method for producing cells or cell lines that express a protein of previously unknown function and/or for which no ligand had previously been identified. Such a protein may be a known naturally occurring protein, a previously unknown naturally occurring protein, a previously unknown form of a known naturally occurring protein or a modified form of any of the foregoing.

Any desired cell type may be used for the cells of the invention. The cells may be prokaryotic or eukaryotic. The cells may express the protein of interest in their native state or not. Eukaryotic cells that may be used include but are not limited to fungi cells such as yeast cells, plant cells and animal cells. Animal cells that can be used include but are not limited to mammalian cells and insect cells, Primary or immortalized cells may be derived from mesoderm, ectoderm or endoderm layers of eukaryotic organisms. The cells may be endothelial, epidermal, mesenchymal, neural, renal, hepatic, hematopoietic, or immune cells. For example, the cells may be intestinal crypt or villi cells, clara cells, colon cells, intestinal cells, goblet cells, enterochromafin cells, enteroendocrine cells. Mammalian cells that are useful in the method include but are not limited to human, non-human primate, cow, horse, goat, sheep, pig, rodent (including rat, mouse, hamster, guinea pig), marsupial, rabbit, dog and cat. The cells can be differentiated cells or stem cells, including embryonic stem cells.

Cells of the invention can be primary, transformed, oncogenically transformed, virally transformed, immortalized, conditionally transformed, explants, cells of tissue sections, animals, plants, fungi, protists, archaebacteria and eubacteria, mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, amphibians, and arthropods, avian, chicken, reptile, amphibian, frog, lizard, snake, fish, worms, squid, lobster, sea urchin, sea slug, sea squirt, fly, squid, hydra, arthropods, beetles, chicken, lamprey, ricefish, zebra finch, pufferfish, and Zebrafish,

Additionally, cells such as blood/immune cells, endocrine (thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal), GI (mouth, stomach, intestine), liver, pancreas, gallbladder, respiratory (lung, trachea, pharynx), Cartilage, bone, muscle, skin, hair, urinary (kidney, bladder), reproductive (sperm, ovum, testis, uterus, ovary, penis, vagina), sensory (eye, ear, nose, mouth, tongue, sensory neurons), Blood/immune cells such as B cell, T cell (Cytotoxic T cell, Natural Killer T cell, Regulatory T cell, T helper cell, Tcell, Natural killer cell; granulocytes (basophil granulocyte, eosinophil granulocyte, neutrophil granulocyte/hypersegmented neutrophil), monocyte/macrophage, red blood cell (reticulocyte), mast cell, thrombocyte/Megakaryocyte, dendritic cell; endocrine cells such as: thyroid (thyroid epithelial cell, parafollicular cell), parathyroid (parathyroid chief cell, oxyphil cell), adrenal (chromaffin cell), nervous system cells such as: glial cells (astrocyte, microglia), magnocellular neurosecretory cell, stellate cell, nuclear chain cell, boettcher cell, pituitary, (gonadotrope, corticotrope, thyrotrope, somatotrope, lactotroph), respiratory system cells such as pneumocyte (type I pneumocyte, type II pneumocyte), clara cell, goblet cell; circulatory system cells such as myocardiocyte pericyte; digestive system cells such as stomach (gastric chief cell, parietal cell), goblet cell, paneth cell, G cells, D cells, ECL cells, I cells, K cells, enteroendocrine cells, enterochromaffin cell, APUD cell, liver (hepatocyte, kupffer cell), pancreas (beta cells, alpha cells), gallbladder; cartilage/bone/muscle/integumentary system cells such as osteoblast, osteocyte, steoclast, tooth cells (cementoblast, ameloblast), cartilage cells: chondroblast, chondrocyte, skin/hair cells: trichocyte, keratinocyte, melanocyte, muscle cells: myocyte, adipocyte, fibroblast, urinary system cells such as podocyte, juxtaglomerular cell, intraglomerular mesangial cell/extraglomerular mesangial cell, kidney proximal tubule brush border cell, macula densa cell; reproductive system cells such as spermatozoon, sertoli cell, leydig cell, ovum, ovarian follicle cell; sensory cells such as organ of corti cells, olfactory epithelium, temperature sensitive sensory neurons, merckel cells, olfactory receptor neuron, pain sensitive neurons, photoreceptor cells, taste bud cells, hair cells of the vestibular apparatus, carotid body cells are useful to make cells or cell lines of the invention.

Plant cells that are useful include roots, stems and leaves and plant tissues include meristematic tissues, parenchyma collenchyma, sclerenchyma, secretory tissues, xylem, phloem, epidermis, periderm (bark).

Cells that are useful for the cells and cell lines of the invention also include but are not limited to: Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, established neuronal cell lines, pheochromocytomas, neuroblastomas fibroblasts, rhabdomyosarcomas, dorsal root ganglion cells, NS0 cells, CV-1 (ATCC CCL 70), COS-1 (ATCC CRL 1650), COS-7 (ATCC CRL 1651), CHO-K1 (ATCC CCL 61), 3T3 (ATCC CCL 92), NIH/3T3 (ATCC CRL 1658), HeLa (ATCC CCL 2), C127I (ATCC CRL 1616), BS-C-1 (ATCC CCL 26), MRC-5 (ATCC CCL 171), L-cells, HEK-293 (ATCC CRL1573) and PC12 (ATCC CRL-1721), HEK293T (ATCC CRL-11268), RBL (ATCC CRL-1378), SH-5Y5Y (ATCC CRL-2266), MDCK (ATCC CCL-34), SJ-RH30 (ATCC CRL-2061), HepG2 (ATCC HB-8065), ND7/23 (ECACC 92090903), CHO (ECACC 85050302), Vero (ATCC CCL 81), Caco-2 (ATCC HTB 37), K562 (ATCC CCL 243), Jurkat (ATCC TIB-152), Per.C6 (Crucell, Leiden, The Netherlands), Huvec (ATCC Human Primary PCS 100-010, Mouse CRL 2514, CRL 2515, CRL 2516), HuH-7D12 (ECACC 01042712), 293 (ATCC CRL 10852), A549 (ATCC CCL 185), IMR-90 (ATCC CCL 186), MCF-7 (ATC HTB-22), U-20S (ATCC HTB-96), T84 (ATCC CCL 248), or any established cell line (polarized or nonpolarized) or any cell line available from repositories such as American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, 10801 University Blvd. Manassas, Va. 20110-2209 USA) or European Collection of Cell Cultures (ECACC, Salisbury Wiltshire SP4 0JG England).

Further, cells that are useful in the method of the invention are mammalian cells amenable to growth in serum containing media, serum free media, fully defined media without any animal-derived products, and cells that can be converted from one of these conditions to another.

Cells of the invention include cells into which a nucleic acid that encodes the protein of interest (or in the case of a heteromultimeric protein, a nucleic acid that encodes one or more of the subunits of the protein) has been introduced. Engineered cells also include cells into which nucleic acids for transcriptional activation of an endogenous sequence encoding a protein of interest (or for transcriptional activation of endogenous sequence encoding one or more subunits of a heteromultimeric protein) have been introduced. Engineered cells also include cells comprising a nucleic acid encoding a protein of interest that is activated by contact with an activating compound. Engineered cells further include combinations of the foregoing, that is, cells that express one or more subunits of a heteromultimeric protein from an introduced nucleic acid encoding it and that express one or more subunits of the protein by gene activation.

Any of the nucleic acids may be introduced into the cells using known means. Techniques for introducing nucleic acids into cells are well-known and readily appreciated by the skilled worker. The methods include but are not limited to transfection, viral delivery, protein or peptide mediated insertion, coprecipitation methods, lipid based delivery reagents (lipofection), cytofection, lipopolyamine delivery, dendrimer delivery reagents, electroporation or mechanical delivery. Examples of transfection reagents are GENEPORTER, GENEPORTER2, LIPOFECTAMINE, LIPOFECTAMINE 2000, FUGENE 6, FUGENE HD, TFX-10, TFX-20, TFX-50, OLIGOFECTAMINE, TRANSFAST, TRANSFECTAM, GENESHUTTLE, TROJENE, GENESILENCER, X-TREMEGENE, PERFECTIN, CYTOFECTIN, SIPORT, UNIFECTOR, SIFECTOR, TRANSIT-LT1, TRANSIT-LT2, TRANSIT-EXPRESS, IFECT, RNAI SHUTTLE, METAFECTENE, LYOVEC, LIPOTAXI, GENEERASER, GENEJUICE, CYTOPURE, JETSI, JETPEI, MEGAFECTIN, POLYFECT, TRANSMESSANGER, RNAiFECT, SUPERFECT, EFFECTENE, TF-PEI-KIT, CLONFECTIN, and METAFECTINE.

Where two or more nucleotide sequences are introduced, such as sequences encoding two or more subunits of a heteromultimeric protein or sequences encoding two or more different proteins of interest, the sequences may be introduced on the same vector or, preferably, on separate vectors. The DNA can be genomic DNA, cDNA, synthetic DNA or mixtures of them. In some embodiments, nucleic acids encoding a protein of interest or a partial protein of interest do not include additional sequences such that the protein of interest is expressed with additional amino acids that may alter the function of the cells compared to the physiological function of the protein.

In some embodiments, the nucleic acid encoding the protein of interest comprises one or more substitutions, insertions, mutations or deletions, as compared to a nucleic acid sequence encoding the wild-type protein. In embodiments comprising a nucleic acid comprising a mutation, the mutation may be a random mutation or a site-specific mutation. These nucleic acid changes may or may not result in an amino acid substitution. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is a fragment of the nucleic acid that encodes the protein of interest. Nucleic acids that are fragments or have such modifications encode polypeptides that retain at least one biological property of the protein of interest.

The invention also encompasses cells and cell lines stably expressing a nucleic acid, whose sequence is at least about 85% identical to the “wild type” sequence encoding the protein of interest, or a counterpart nucleic acid derived from a species other than human or a nucleic acid that encodes the same amino acid sequence as any of those nucleic acids. In some embodiments, the sequence identity is at least 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% A or higher compared to those sequences. The invention also encompasses cells and cell lines wherein the nucleic acid encoding a protein of interest hybridizes under stringent conditions to the wild type sequence or a counterpart nucleic acid derived from a species other than human, or a nucleic acid that encodes the same amino acid sequence as any of those nucleic acids.

In some embodiments, the cell or cell line comprises a protein-encoding nucleic acid sequence comprising at least one substitution as compared to the wild-type sequence or a counterpart nucleic acid derived from a species other than human or a nucleic acid that encodes the same amino acid sequence as any of those nucleic acids. The substitution may comprise less than 10, 20, 30, or 40 nucleotides or, up to or equal to 1%, 5%, 10% or 20% of the nucleotide sequence. In some embodiments, the substituted sequence may be substantially identical to the wild-type sequence or a counterpart nucleic acid derived from a species other than human a nucleic acid that encodes the same amino acid sequence as any of those nucleic acids (e.g., a sequence at least 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or higher identical thereto), or be a sequence that is capable of hybridizing under stringent conditions to the wild type sequence or a counterpart nucleic acid derived from a species other than human or a nucleic acid that encodes the same amino acid sequence as any one of those nucleic acids.

In some embodiments, the cell or cell line comprises protein-encoding nucleic acid sequence comprising an insertion into or deletion from the wild type sequence or a counterpart nucleic acid derived from a species other than human or a nucleic acid that encodes the same amino acid sequence as any of those nucleic acids. The insertion or deletion may be less than 10, 20, 30, or 40 nucleotides or up to or equal to 1%, 5%, 10% or 20% of the nucleotide sequence. In some embodiments, the sequences of the insertion or deletion may be substantially identical to the wild type sequence or a counterpart nucleic acid derived from a species other than human or a nucleic acid that encodes the same amino acid sequence as any of those nucleic acids (e.g., a sequence at least 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or higher identical thereto), or be a sequence that is capable of hybridizing under stringent conditions to the wild-type sequence or a counterpart nucleic acid derived from a species other than human, or a nucleic acid that encodes the same amino acid sequence as any of those nucleic acids.

In some embodiments, the nucleic acid substitution or modification results in an amino acid change, such as an amino acid substitution. For example, an amino acid residue of the wild type protein of interest or a counterpart amino acid derived from a species other than human may be replaced by a conservative or a non-conservative substitution. In some embodiments, the sequence identity between the original and modified amino acid sequence can differ by about 1%, 5%, 10% or 20% or from a sequence substantially identical thereto (e.g., a sequence at least 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% A or higher identical thereto).

A “conservative amino acid substitution” is one in which an amino acid residue is substituted by another amino acid residue having a side chain R group with similar chemical properties to the parent amino acid residue (e.g., charge or hydrophobicity). In cases where two or more amino acid sequences differ from each other by conservative substitutions, the percent sequence identity or degree of similarity may be adjusted upwards to correct for the conservative nature of the substitution. Means for making this adjustment are well-known to those of skill in the art. See, e.g., Pearson, Methods Mol. Biol. 243:307-31 (1994).

Examples of groups of amino acids that have side chains with similar chemical properties include 1) aliphatic side chains: glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, and isoleucine; 2) aliphatic-hydroxyl side chains: serine and threonine; 3) amide-containing side chains: asparagine and glutamine; 4) aromatic side chains: phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan; 5) basic side chains: lysine, arginine, and histidine; 6) acidic side chains: aspartic acid and glutamic acid; and 7) sulfur-containing side chains: cysteine and methionine. Preferred conservative amino acids substitution groups are: valine-leucine-isoleucine, phenylalanine-tyrosine, lysine-arginine, alanine-valine, glutamate-aspartate, and asparagine-glutamine. Alternatively, a conservative amino acid substitution is any change having a positive value in the PAM250 log-likelihood matrix disclosed in Gonnet et al., Science 256:1443-45 (1992). A “moderately conservative” replacement is any change having a nonnegative value in the PAM250 log-likelihood matrix.

Conservative modifications in the protein of interest will produce proteins having functional and chemical characteristics similar (i.e. at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or 95% the same) to those of the unmodified protein.

In one embodiment, the host cell is an embryonic stem cell that is then used as the basis for the generation of transgenic animals that produce the protein of interest. Embryonic stem cells stably expressing a functional protein of interest, may be implanted into organisms directly, or their nuclei may be transferred into other recipient cells and these may then be implanted, or they may be used to create transgenic animals. In some embodiments the protein may be expressed in the animal with desired temporal and/or tissue specific expression.

As will be appreciated by those of skill in the art, any vector that is suitable for use with a chosen host cell may be used to introduce a nucleic acid encoding a protein of interest into a host cell. Where more than one vector is used, for example, to introduce two or more different subunits or two or more proteins of interest, the vectors may be the same type or may be of different types.

Examples of vectors that may be used to introduce the nucleic acids into host cells include but are not limited to plasmids, viruses, including retroviruses and lentiviruses, cosmids, artificial chromosomes and may include, for example, pCMVScript, pcDNA3.1 Hygro, pcDNA3.1 neo, pcDNA3.1 puro, pSV2 neo, pIRES puro, pSV2 zeo. Exemplary mammalian expression vectors that are useful to make the cells and cell lines of the invention include: pFN11A (BIND) Flexi®, pGL4.31, pFC14A (HaloTag® 7) CMV Flexi®, pFC14K (HaloTag® 7) CMV Flexi®, pFN24A (HaloTag® 7) CMVd3 Flexi®, pFN24K (HaloTag® 7) CMVd3 Flexi®, HaloTag™ pHT2, pACT, pAdVAntage™, pALTER®-MAX, pBIND, pCAT®3-Basic, pCAT03-Control, pCAT®3-Enhancer, pCAT®3-Promoter, pCI, pCMVTNT™, pG5luc, pSI, pTARGET™, pTNT™, pF12A RM Flexi®, pF12K RM Flexi®, pReg neo, pYES2/GS, pAd/CMV/V5-DEST Gateway® Vector, pAd/PL-DEST™ Gateway® Vector, Gateway® pDEST™27 Vector, Gateway® pEF-DEST51 Vector, Gateway® pcDNA™-DEST47 vector, pCMV/Bsd Vector, pEF6/His A, B, & c, pcDNA™6.2-DEST, pLenti6/TR, pLP-AcGFP1-C, pLPS-AcGFP1-N, pLP-IRESneo, pLP-TRE2, pLP-RevTRE, pLP-LNCX, pLP-CMV-HA, pLP-CMV-Myc, pLP-RetroQ and pLP-CMVneo.

In some embodiments, the vectors comprise expression control sequences such as constitutive or conditional promoters, preferably, constitutive promoters are used. One of ordinary skill in the art will be able to select such sequences. For example, suitable promoters include but are not limited to CMV, TK, SV40 and EF-1α. In some embodiments, the promoters are inducible, temperature regulated, tissue specific, repressible, heat-shock, developmental, cell lineage specific, eukaryotic, prokaryotic or temporal promoters or a combination or recombination of unmodified or mutagenized, randomized, shuffled sequences of any one or more of the above. In other embodiments, the protein of interest is expressed by gene activation or episomally.

In some embodiments, the vector lacks a selectable marker or drug resistance gene. In other embodiments, the vector optionally comprises a nucleic acid encoding a selectable marker, such as a protein that confers drug or antibiotic resistance or more generally any product that exerts selective pressure on the cell. Where more than one vector is used, each vector may have the same or a different drug resistance or other selective pressure marker. If more than one of the drug resistance or selective pressure markers are the same, simultaneous selection may be achieved by increasing the level of the drug. Suitable markers are well-known to those of skill in the art and include but are not limited to polypeptides products conferring resistance to any one of the following: Neomycin/G418, Puromycin, hygromycin, Zeocin, methotrexate and blasticidin. Although drug selection (or selection using any other suitable selection marker) is not a required step in producing the cells and cell lines of this invention, it may be used to enrich the transfected cell population for stably transfected cells, provided that the transfected constructs are designed to confer drug resistance. If subsequent selection of cells expressing the protein of interest is accomplished using signaling probes, selection too soon following transfection can result in some positive cells that may only be transiently and not stably transfected. However, this effect can be minimized by allowing sufficient cell passage to allow for dilution of transient expression in transfected cells.

In some embodiments, the protein-encoding nucleic acid sequence further comprises a tag. Such tags may encode, for example, a HIS tag, a myc tag, a hemagglutinin (HA) tag, protein C, VSV-G, FLU, yellow fluorescent protein (YFP), green fluorescent protein, FLAG, BCCP, maltose binding protein tag, Nus-tag, Softag-1, Softag-2, Strep-tag, S-tag, thioredoxin, GST, V5, TAP or CBP. A tag may be used as a marker to determine protein expression levels, intracellular localization, protein-protein interactions, regulation of the protein of interest, or the protein's function. Tags may also be used to purify or fractionate proteins.

In the case of cells and cell lines expressing an RNA of interest, the RNA can be of any type including antisense RNA, short interfering RNA (siRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), structural RNA, ribosomal RNA, heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) and small nuclear RNA (snRNA).

In embodiments in which the cells and cell lines of the invention express a functional protein of interest, the protein can be any protein including but not limited to single chain proteins, multi-chain proteins, hetero-multimeric proteins. In the case of multimeric proteins, in some embodiments the cells express all of the subunits that make up the native protein. The protein can have a “wild type” sequence or may be a variant. In some embodiments, the cells express a protein that comprises a variant of one or more of the subunits including allelic variants, splice variants, truncated forms, isoforms, chimeric subunits and mutated forms that comprise amino acid substitutions (conservative or non-conservative), modified amino acids including chemically modified amino acids, and non-naturally occurring amino acids. A heteromultimeric protein expressed by cells or cell lines of the invention may comprise subunits from two or more species, such as from species homologs of the protein of interest.

In some embodiments, the cells of the invention express two or more functional proteins of interest. According to the invention, such expression can be from the introduction of a nucleic acid encoding all or part of a protein of interest, from the introduction of a nucleic acid that activates the transcription of all or part of a protein of interest from an endogenous sequence or from any combination thereof. The cells may express any desired number of proteins of interest. In various embodiments, the cells express three, four, five, six, or more proteins of interest. For example, the invention contemplates cells and cell lines that stably express functional proteins in a pathway of interest, proteins from intersecting pathways including enzymatic pathways, signaling pathways regulatory pathways and the like.

In particular, the protein expressed by the cells or cell lines used in the method are proteins for which stable functional cell lines have not previously been available. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that some reasons why such cell lines have not heretofore been possible include that the protein is highly complex and without preparing a large number of cells expressing the protein, it has not been possible to identify one in which the protein is properly assembled; or because no ligand or modulator of the protein is known for use in identifying a cell or cell line that expresses the protein in functional form; or because the protein is cytotoxic when expressed outside its natural context, such as in a content that does not naturally express it.

Cells and cell lines of the invention can be made that consistently express any protein of interest either intracellular, surface or secreted. Such proteins include heteromultimeric ion channels, ligand gated (such as GABA A receptor), ion channels (such as CFTR), heteromultimeric ion channels, voltage gated (such as NaV), heteromultimeric ion channel, non-ligand gated (Epithelial sodium channel, ENaC), heterodimeric GPCRs (such as opioid receptors, taste receptors including sweet, umami and bitter), other GPCRs, Orphan GPCRs, GCC, opioid receptors, growth hormone receptors, estrogen/hgh, nuclear or membrane bound, TGF receptors, PPAR nuclear hormone receptor, nicotinics/Ach and immune receptors such as B-cell/T-cell receptors.

Cells and cell lines of the invention can express functional proteins including any protein or combination of proteins listed in Tables 2-13 (Mammalian G proteins, Human orphan GPCRs, Human opioid receptors, Human olfactory receptors, Canine olfactory receptors, Mosquito olfactory receptors, Other heteromultimeric receptors and GABA receptors.

The cells and cell lines of the invention have a number of attributes that make them particularly advantageous for any use where it is desired that cells provide consistent expression of a functional protein of interest over time. The terms “stable” or “consistent” as applied to the expression of the protein and the function of the protein is meant to distinguish the cells and cell lines of the invention from cells with transient expression or variable function, as the terms “stable expression” and “transient expression” would be understood by a person of skill in the art. A cell or cell line of the invention has stable or consistent expression of functional protein that has less than 10% variation for at least 2-4 days.

In various embodiments, the cells or cell lines of the invention express the functional RNA or protein of interest, i.e., the cells are consistently functional after growth for at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200 days or over 200 days, where consistent expression or consistently functional refers to a level of expression that does not vary by more than: 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9% or 10% over 2 to 4 days of continuous cell culture; 1%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10% % or 12% over 5 to 15 days of continuous cell culture; 1%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 14%, 16%, 18% or 20% over 16 to 20 days of continuous cell culture; 1%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 14%, 16%, 18%, 20%, 22%, 24% over 21 to 30 days of continuous cell culture; 1%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 14%, 16%, 18%, 20%, 22%, 24%, 26%, 28% or 30% over 30 to 40 days of continuous cell culture; 1%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 14%, 16%, 18%, 20%, 22%, 24%, 26%, 28% or 30% over 41 to 45 days of continuous cell culture; 1%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 14%, 16%, 18%, 20%, 22%, 24%, 26%, 28% or 30% over 45 to 50 days of continuous cell culture; 1%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 14%, 16%, 18%, 20%, 22%, 24%, 26%, 28%, 30% or 35% over 45 to 50 days of continuous cell culture; 1%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 14%, 16%, 18%, 20%, 22%, 24%, 26%, 28% or 30% or 35% over 50 to 55 days of continuous cell culture; 1%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 14%, 16%, 18%, 20%, 22%, 24%, 26%, 28%, 30% or 35% over 50 to 55 days of continuous cell culture; 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35% or 40% over 55 to 75 days of continuous cell culture; 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40% or 45% over 75 to 100 days of continuous cell culture; 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40% or 45% over 101 to 125 days of continuous cell culture; 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40% or 45% over 126 to 150 days of continuous cell culture; 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40% or 45% over 151 to 175 days of continuous cell culture; 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40% or 45% over 176 to 200 days of continuous cell culture; 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40% or 45% over more than 200 days of continuous cell culture.

Cells may be selected that have desirable properties in addition to the stable expression of functional protein. Any desired property that can be detected may be selected for. Those of skill in the art will aware of such characteristics. By way of non-limiting example, such properties include: fragility, morphology and adherence to a solid surface, monodispersion by trypsin or cell dissociation reagent, adaptability to the automated culture conditions, performance under serum-containing conditions, performance in serum-free conditions, convertability to serum-free suspension conditions, propensity to form clumps, propensity to form monodisperse cell layers following passaging, resilience, propensity to remain attached to growth chamber surfaces under fluid addition steps of different force, non-fragmented nucleus, lack of intracellular vacuoles, lack of microbial contamination, lack of mycoplasma, lack of viral contamination, clonality, consistency of gross physical properties of cells within wells, propensity for growth below/at/above room temperature, propensity for tolerance of various temperatures for various time periods, propensity of cells to evenly uptake plasmid/oligonucleotides/fluorogenic probes/peptides/proteins/compounds, propensity of cells to withstand incubation with DMSO/EtOH/MeOH, organic solvent/detergent, propensity of cells to withstand maintained UPR induction, propensity of cells to withstand exposure to DTT, propensity of cells to be infected with viral/lentiviral/cosmid vectors, endogenous expression of desired RNA(s)/protein(s) or lack thereof, chromosomal number, chromosomal aberrations, amenable to growth at 5/6/7/8/9pH, tolerance to UV/mutagen/radiation, ability to maintain the above characteristics under altered/manual/scaled-up growth conditions (i.e., including reactors).

Cells and cell lines of the invention have enhanced properties as compared to cells and cell lines made by conventional methods. For example, the cells and cell lines of this invention have enhanced stability of expression and/or levels of expression (even when maintained in cultures without selective pressure, including, for example, antibiotics and other drugs). In other embodiments, the cells and cell lines of the invention have high Z′ values in various assays. In still other embodiments, the cells and cell lines of this invention are improved in context of their expression of a physiologically relevant protein activity as compared to more conventionally engineered cells. These properties enhance and improve the ability of the cells and cell lines of this invention to be used for any use, whether in assays to identify modulators, for cell therapy, for protein production or any other use and improve the functional attributes of the identified modulators.

A further advantageous property of the cells and cell lines of the invention is that they stably express the protein of interest in the absence of drug or other selective pressure. Thus, in preferred embodiments, the cells and cell lines of the invention are maintained in culture without any selective pressure. In further embodiments, cells and cell lines are maintained without any drug or antibiotics. As used herein, cell maintenance refers to culturing cells after they have been selected as described for protein expression. Maintenance does not refer to the optional step of growing cells under selective pressure (e.g., an antibiotic) prior to cell sorting where marker(s) introduced into the cells allow enrichment of stable transfectants in a mixed population.

Drug-free and selective pressure-free cell maintenance of the cells and cell lines of this invention provides a number of advantages. For example, drug-resistant cells may not express the co-transfected transgene of interest at adequate levels, because the selection relies on survival of the cells that have taken up the drug resistant gene, with or without the transgene. Further, selective drugs and other selective pressure factors are often mutagenic or otherwise interfere with the physiology of the cells, leading to skewed results in cell-based assays. For example, selective drugs may decrease susceptibility to apoptosis (Robinson et al., Biochemistry, 36(37):11169-11178 (1997)), increase DNA repair and drug metabolism (Deffie et al., Cancer Res. 48(13):3595-3602 (1988)), increase cellular pH (Thiebaut et al., J Histochem Cytochem. 38(5):685-690 (1990); Roepe et al., Biochemistry. 32(41):11042-11056 (1993); Simon et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 91(3):1128-1132 (1994)), decrease lysosomal and endosomal pH (Schindler et al., Biochemistry. 35(9):2811-2817 (1996); Altan et al., J Exp Med. 187(10):1583-1598 (1998)), decrease plasma membrane potential (Roepe et al., Biochemistry. 32(41):11042-11056 (1993)), increase plasma membrane conductance to chloride (Gill et al., Cell. 71(1):23-32 (1992)) and ATP (Abraham et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 90(1):312-316 (1993)), and increase rates of vesicle transport (Altan et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 96(8):4432-4437 (1999)). Thus, the cells and cell lines of this invention allow screening assays that are free from the artifacts caused by selective pressure. In some preferred embodiments, the cells and cell lines of this invention are not cultured with selective pressure factors, such as antibiotics, before or after cell sorting, so that cells and cell lines with desired properties are isolated by sorting, even when not beginning with an enriched cell population.

The cells and cell lines of the invention have enhanced stability as compared to cells and cell lines produced by conventional methods in the context of expression and expression levels (RNA or protein). To identify cells and cell lines characterized by such stable expression, a cell or cell line's expression of a protein of interest is measured over a timecourse and the expression levels are compared. Stable cell lines will continue expressing (RNA or protein) throughout the timecourse. In some aspects of the invention, the timecourse may be for at least one week, two weeks, three weeks, etc., or at least one month, or at least two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight or nine months, or any length of time in between.

Isolated cells and cell lines may be further characterized, such as by PCR, RT-PCR, qRT-PCR and single end-point RT-PCR to determine the absolute amounts and relative amounts (in the case of multisubunit proteins or multiple proteins of interest) being expressed (RNA). Preferably, the expansion levels of the subunits of a multi-subunit protein are substantially the same in the cells and cell lines of this invention.

In other embodiments, the expression of a functional protein of interest is assayed over time. In these embodiments, stable expression is measured by comparing the results of functional assays over a timecourse. The assay of cell and cell line stability based on a functional assay provides the benefit of identifying cells and cell lines that not only stably express the protein (RNA or protein), but also stably produce and properly process (e.g., post-translational modification, subunit assembly, and localization within the cell) the protein to produce a functional protein.

Cells and cell lines of the invention have the further advantageous property of providing assays with high reproducibility as evidenced by their Z′ factor. See Zhang J H, Chung T D, Oldenburg K R, “A Simple Statistical Parameter for Use in Evaluation and Validation of High Throughput Screening Assays.” J. Biomol. Screen. 1999; 4(2):67-73, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Z′ values relate to the quality of a cell or cell line because it reflects the degree to which a cell or cell line will respond consistently to modulators. Z′ is a statistical calculation that takes into account the signal-to-noise range and signal variability (i.e., from well to well) of the functional response to a reference compound across a multiwell plate is Z′ calculated using Z′ data obtained from multiple wells with a positive control and multiple wells with a negative control. The ratio of their combined standard deviations multiplied by three to the difference factor, in their mean values is subtracted from one to give the Z′ according the equation below:

′ factor=1−((3σ_(positive control)+3σ_(negative control))/(μ_(positive control)−μ_(negative control)))

If the factor is 1.0, which would indicate an ideal assay with theoretical maximum Z′ no variability and limitless dynamic range. As used herein, a “high Z′” refers to a Z′factor of Z′ of at least 0.6, at least 0.7, at least 0.75 or at least 0.8, or any decimal in between 0.6 and 1.0. In the case of a complex target, a high Z′ means a Z′ of at least 0.4 or greater. A score of close to 0 is undesirable because it indicates that there is overlap between positive and negative controls. In the industry, for simple cell-based assays, Z′ scores up to 0.3 are considered marginal scores, Z′ scores between 0.3 and 0.5 are considered acceptable, and Z′ scores above 0.5 are considered excellent. Cell-free or biochemical assays may approach scores for cell-based systems tend to be lower because higher Z′ scores, but Z′ cell-based systems are complex.

As those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize cell-based assays using conventional cells expressing even a single chain protein do not typically achieve a Z′ higher than 0.5 to 0.6. Cells with engineered expression (either from introduced coding sequences or gene activation) of multi-subunit proteins, if even reported in the art, would be lower due to their added complexity. Such cells would not be reliable for use in assays because the results would not be reproducible. Cells and cell lines of this invention, on the other hand, have higher Z′ values and advantageously produce consistent results in assays. Indeed, the cells and cell lines of the invention provide the basis for high throughput screening (HTS) compatible assays because they generally have values than conventionally produced cells. In some aspects of the invention, the cells and cell lines result in Z′ of at least 0.3, at least 0.4, at least 0.5, at least 0.6, at least 0.7, or at least 0.8. Even Z′ values of at least 0.3-0.4 for the cells and cell lines of the invention are advantageous because the proteins of interest are multigene targets. In other aspects of the invention, the cells and cell lines of the invention result in a Z′ of at least 0.7, at least 0.75 or at least 0.8 even after the cells are maintained for multiple passages, e.g., between 5-20 passages, including any integer in between 5 and 20. In some aspects of the invention, the cells and cell lines result in a Z′ of at least 0.7, at least 0.75 or at least 0.8 in cells and cell lines maintained for 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 weeks or 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9 months, including any period of time in between.

In a further aspect, the invention provides a method for producing the cells and cell lines of the invention. In one embodiment, the method comprises the steps of:

-   -   a) providing a plurality of cells that express mRNA encoding the         protein of interest;     -   b) dispersing cells individually into individual culture         vessels, thereby providing a plurality of separate cell cultures     -   c) culturing the cells under a set of desired culture conditions         using automated cell culture methods characterized in that the         conditions are substantially identical for each of the separate         cell cultures, during which culturing the number of cells in         each separate cell culture is normalized, and wherein the         separate cultures are passaged on the same schedule;     -   d) assaying the separate cell cultures for at least one desired         characteristic of the protein of interest at least twice; and     -   e) identifying a separate cell culture that has the desired         characteristic in both assays.

According to the method, the cells are cultured under a desired set of culture conditions. The conditions can be any desired conditions. Those of skill in the art will understand what parameters are comprised within a set of culture conditions. For example, culture conditions include but are not limited to: the media (Base media (DMEM, MEM, RPMI, serum-free, with serum, fully chemically defined, without animal-derived components), mono and divalent ion (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium) concentration, additional components added (amino acids, antibiotics, glutamine, glucose or other carbon source, HEPES, channel blockers, modulators of other targets, vitamins, trace elements, heavy metals, co-factors, growth factors, anti-apoptosis reagents), fresh or conditioned media, with HEPES, pH, depleted of certain nutrients or limiting (amino acid, carbon source)), level of confluency at which cells are allowed to attain before split/passage, feeder layers of cells, or gamma-irradiated cells, CO₂, a three gas system (oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide), humidity, temperature, still or on a shaker, and the like, which will be well known to those of skill in the art.

The cell culture conditions may be chosen for convenience or for a particular desired use of the cells. Advantageously, the invention provides cells and cell lines that are optimally suited for a particular desired use. That is, in embodiments of the invention in which cells are cultured under conditions for a particular desired use, cells are selected that have desired characteristics under the condition for the desired use.

By way of illustration, if cells will be used in assays in plates where it is desired that the cells are adherent, cells that display adherence under the conditions of the assay may be selected. Similarly, if the cells will be used for protein production, cells may be cultured under conditions appropriate for protein production and selected for advantageous properties for this use.

In some embodiments, the method comprises the additional step of measuring the growth rates of the separate cell cultures. Growth rates may be determined using any of a variety of techniques means that will be well known to the skilled worker. Such techniques include but are not limited to measuring ATP, cell confluency, light scattering, optical density (e.g., OD 260 for DNA). Preferably growth rates are determined using means that minimize the amount of time that the cultures spend outside the selected culture conditions.

In some embodiments, cell confluency is measured and growth rates are calculated from the confluency values. In some embodiments, cells are dispersed and clumps removed prior to measuring cell confluency for improved accuracy. Means for monodispersing cells are well-known and can be achieved, for example, by addition of a dispersing reagent to a culture to be measured. Dispersing agents are well-known and readily available, and include but are not limited to enzymatic dispering agents, such as trypsin, and EDTA-based dispersing agents. Growth rates can be calculated from confluency date using commercially available software for that purpose such as HAMILTON VECTOR. Automated confluency measurement, such as using an automated microscopic plate reader is particularly useful. Plate readers that measure confluency are commercially available and include but are not limited to the CLONE SELECT IMAGER (Genetix). Typically, at least 2 measurements of cell confluency are made before calculating a growth rate. The number of confluency values used to determine growth rate can be any number that is convenient or suitable for the culture. For example, confluency can be measured multiple times over e.g., a week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks or any length of time and at any frequency desired.

When the growth rates are known, according to the method, the plurality of separate cell cultures are divided into groups by similarity of growth rates. By grouping cultures into growth rate bins, one can manipulate the cultures in the group together, thereby providing another level of standardization that reduces variation between cultures. For example, the cultures in a bin can be passaged at the same time, treated with a desired reagent at the same time, etc. Further, functional assay results are typically dependent on cell density in an assay well. A true comparison of individual clones is only accomplished by having them plated and assayed at the same density. Grouping into specific growth rate cohorts enables the plating of clones at a specific density that allows them to be functionally characterized in a high throughput format

The range of growth rates in each group can be any convenient range. It is particularly advantageous to select a range of growth rates that permits the cells to be passaged at the same time and avoid frequent renormalization of cell numbers. Growth rate groups can include a very narrow range for a tight grouping, for example, average doubling times within an hour of each other. But according to the method, the range can be up to 2 hours, up to 3 hours, up to 4 hours, up to 5 hours or up to 10 hours of each other or even broader ranges. The need for renormalization arises when the growth rates in a bin are not the same so that the number of cells in some cultures increases faster than others. To maintain substantially identical conditions for all cultures in a bin, it is necessary to periodically remove cells to renormalize the numbers across the bin. The more disparate the growth rates, the more frequently renormalization is needed.

In step d) the cells and cell lines may be tested for and selected for any physiological property including but not limited to: a change in a cellular process encoded by the genome; a change in a cellular process regulated by the genome; a change in a pattern of chromosomal activity; a change in a pattern of chromosomal silencing; a change in a pattern of gene silencing; a change in a pattern or in the efficiency of gene activation; a change in a pattern or in the efficiency of gene expression; a change in a pattern or in the efficiency of RNA expression; a change in a pattern or in the efficiency of RNAi expression; a change in a pattern or in the efficiency of RNA processing; a change in a pattern or in the efficiency of RNA transport; a change in a pattern or in the efficiency of protein translation; a change in a pattern or in the efficiency of protein folding; a change in a pattern or in the efficiency of protein assembly; a change in a pattern or in the efficiency of protein modification; a change in a pattern or in the efficiency of protein transport; a change in a pattern or in the efficiency of transporting a membrane protein to a cell surface change in growth rate; a change in cell size; a change in cell shape; a change in cell morphology; a change in % RNA content; a change in % protein content; a change in water content; a change in % lipid content; a change in ribosome content; a change in mitochondrial content; a change in ER mass; a change in plasma membrane surface area; a change in cell volume; a change in lipid composition of plasma membrane; a change in lipid composition of nuclear envelope; a change in protein composition of plasma membrane; a change in protein; composition of nuclear envelope; a change in number of secretory vesicles; a change in number of lysosomes; a change in number of vacuoles; a change in the capacity or potential of a cell for: protein production, protein secretion, protein folding, protein assembly, protein modification, enzymatic modification of protein, protein glycosylation, protein phosphorylation, protein dephosphorylation, metabolite biosynthesis, lipid biosynthesis, DNA synthesis, RNA synthesis, protein synthesis, nutrient absorption, cell growth, mitosis, meiosis, cell division, to dedifferentiate, to transform into a stem cell, to transform into a pluripotent cell, to transform into a omnipotent cell, to transform into a stem cell type of any organ (i.e. liver, lung, skin, muscle, pancreas, brain, testis, ovary, blood, immune system, nervous system, bone, cardiovascular system, central nervous system, gastro-intestinal tract, stomach, thyroid, tongue, gall bladder, kidney, nose, eye, nail, hair, taste bud), to transform into a differentiated any cell type (i.e. muscle, heart muscle, neuron, skin, pancreatic, blood, immune, red blood cell, white blood cell, killer T-cell, enteroendocrine cell, taste, secretory cell, kidney, epithelial cell, endothelial cell, also including any of the animal or human cell types already listed that can be used for introduction of nucleic acid sequences), to uptake DNA, to uptake small molecules, to uptake fluorogenic probes, to uptake RNA, to adhere to solid surface, to adapt to serum-free conditions, to adapt to serum-free suspension conditions, to adapt to scaled-up cell culture, for use for large scale cell culture, for use in drug discovery, for use in high throughput screening, for use in a functional cell based assay, for use in membrane potential assays, for use in calcium flux assays, for use in G-protein reporter assays, for use in reporter cell based assays, for use in ELISA studies, for use in in vitro assays, for use in vivo applications, for use in secondary testing, for use in compound testing, for use in a binding assay, for use in panning assay, for use in an antibody panning assay, for use in imaging assays, for use in microscopic imaging assays, for use in multiwell plates, for adaptation to automated cell culture, for adaptation to miniaturized automated cell culture, for adaptation to large-scale automated cell culture, for adaptation to cell culture in multiwell plates (6, 12, 24, 48, 96, 384, 1536 or higher density), for use in cell chips, for use on slides, for use on glass slides, for microarray on slides or glass slides, for immunofluorescence studies, for use in protein purification, for use in biologics production, for use in the production of industrial enzymes, for use in the production of reagents for research, for use in vaccine development, for use in cell therapy, for use in implantation into animals or humans, for use in isolation of factors secreted by the cell, for preparation of cDNA libraries, for purification of RNA, for purification of DNA, for infection by pathogens, viruses or other agent, for resistance to infection by pathogens, viruses or other agents, for resistance to drugs, for suitability to be maintained under automated miniaturized cell culture conditions, for use in the production of protein for characterization, including: protein crystallography, vaccine development, stimulation of the immune system, antibody production or generation or testing of antibodies. Those of skill in the art will readily recognize suitable tests for any of the above-listed properties.

Tests that may be used to characterize cells and cell lines of the invention and/or matched panels of the invention include but are not limited to: Amino acid analysis, DNA sequencing, Protein sequencing, NMR, A test for protein transport, A test for nucelocytoplasmic transport, A test for subcellular localization of proteins, A test for subcellular localization of nucleic acids, Microscopic analysis, Submicroscopic analysis, Fluorescence microscopy, Electron microscopy, Confocal microscopy, Laser ablation technology, Cell counting and Dialysis. The skilled worker would understand how to use any of the above-listed tests.

When collections or panels of cells or cell lines are produced, e.g., for drug screening, the cells or cell lines in the collection or panel may be matched such that they are the same (including substantially the same) with regard to one or more selective physiological properties. The “same physiological property” in this context means that the selected physiological property is similar enough amongst the members in the collection or panel such that the cell collection or panel can produce reliable results in drug screening assays; for example, variations in readouts in a drug screening assay will be due to, e.g., the different biological activities of test compounds on cells expressing different forms of a protein, rather than due to inherent variations in the cells. For example, the cells or cell lines may be matched to have the same growth rate, i.e., growth rates with no more than one, two, three, four, or five hour difference amongst the members of the cell collection or panel. This may be achieved by, for example, binning cells by their growth rate into five, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten groups, and creating a panel using cells from the same binned group. Methods of determining cell growth rate are well known in the art. The cells or cell lines in a panel also can be matched to have the same Z′ factor (e.g., Z′ factors that do not differ by more than 0.1), protein expression level (e.g., CFTR expression levels that do not differ by more than 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, or 30%), RNA expression level, adherence to tissue culture surfaces, and the like. Matched cells and cell lines can be grown under identical conditions, achieved by, e.g., automated parallel processing, to maintain the selected physiological property.

In one embodiment, the panel is matched for growth rate under the same set of conditions. Such a panel, also referred to herein as a matched panel, are highly desirable for use in a wide range of cell-based studies in which it is desirable to compare the effect of an experimental variable across two or more cell lines. Cell lines that are matched for growth rate maintain roughly the same number of cells per well over time thereby reducing variation in growth conditions, such as nutrient content between cell lines in the panel

According to the invention, matched panels may have growth rates within any desired range, depending on a number of factors including the characteristics of the cells, the intended use of the panel, the size of the panel, the culture conditions, and the like. Such factors will be readily appreciated by the skilled worker.

Growth rates may be determined by any suitable and convenient means, the only requirement being that the growth rates for all of the cell lines for a matched panel are determined by the same means. Numerous means for determining growth rate are known as described herein.

A matched panel of the invention can comprise any number of clonal cell lines. The maximum number of clonal cell lines in the panel will differ for each use and user and can be as many as can be maintained. In various embodiments, the panel may comprise 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more clonal cell lines, for example, at least 12, at least 15, at least 20, at least 24, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, at least 48, at least 50, at least 75, at least 96, at least 100, at least 200, at least 300, at least 384, at least 400 or more clonal cell lines.

According to the invention, the panel comprises a plurality of clonal cell lines, that is, a plurality of cell lines generated from a different single parent cell. Any desired cell type may be used in the production of a matched panel. The panel can comprise cell lines of all the same cell type or cell lines of different cell types.

The clonal cell lines in the panel stably express one or more proteins of interest. The stable expression can be for any length of time that is suitable for the desired use of the panel but at a minimum, is sufficiently long to permit selection and use in a matched panel.

The clonal cell lines in the matched panel may all express the same one or more proteins of interest or some clonal cell lines in the panel may express different proteins of interest.

In some embodiments, the matched panel comprises one or more clonal cell lines that express different proteins of interest. That is, a first clonal cell line in the panel may express a first protein of interest, a second clonal cell line in the panel may express a second protein of interest, a third cell line may express a third protein of interest, etc. for as many different proteins of interest as are desired. The different proteins of interest may be different isoforms, allelic variants, splice variants, or mutated (including but not limited to sequence mutated or truncated), chimeric or chemically including enzymatically modified forms of a protein of interest. In some embodiments the different proteins can be members of a functionally defined group of proteins, such as a panel of bitter taste receptors or a panel of kinases. In some embodiments the different proteins may be part of the same or interrelated signaling pathways. In still other panels involving heteromultimeric proteins (including heterodimers), the panel may comprise two or more different combinations of subunits up to all possible combinations of subunits. The combinations may comprise subunit sequence variants, subunit isoform combinations, interspecies combinations of subunits and combinations of subunit types.

By way of example, Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)_(A) receptors typically comprise two alpha subunits, two beta subunits and a gamma subunit. There are 6 alpha isoforms, 5 beta isoforms, 4 gamma isoforms, and a delta, a pi, a theta and an epsilon subunit. The present invention contemplates panels comprising two or more combinations of any of these subunits including panels comprising every possible combination of alpha, beta, gamma, delta, pi, epsilon and theta subunit. Further, the GABA receptor family also includes GABA_(B) and GABA_(C) receptors. The invention also contemplates panels that comprise any combination of GABA_(A), GABA_(B) and GABA_(C) subunits. In some embodiments, such panels comprise human GABA subunits. mammalian GABA receptor panel such as a non-human primate (eg, cynomolgus) GABA receptor, mouse, rat or human GABA receptor panels or mixtures thereof.

In a further example, the invention contemplates one or more epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) panels, including any mammalian ENaC panel such as a non-human primate (eg, cynomolgus) ENaC, mouse, rat or human ENaC panels or mixtures thereof. Like GABA receptors, intact ENaC comprise multiple subunits: alpha or delta, beta and gamma. The invention contemplates panels with at least two different combinations of ENaC subunits and also contemplates all possible combinations of ENaC subunits, including combinations of subunits from different species, combinations of isoforms, allelic variants, SNPs, chimeric subunits, forms comprising modified and/or non-natural amino acids and chemically modified such as enzymatically modified subunits. The present invention also contemplates panels comprising any ENaC form set forth in International Application PCT/US09/31936, the contents of which are incorporated by reference in its entirety.

In a further particular embodiment, a matched panel of 25 bitter taste receptors comprising cell lines that express native (no tag) functional bitter receptors listed in Table 10. In some embodiments, the panel is matched for growth rate. In some embodiments the panel is matched for growth rate and an additional physiological property of interest. In some embodiments the cell lines in the panel were generated in parallel and/or screened in parallel.

Further exemplary but non-limited examples of panels and their uses are the following: a panel of odorant receptors (insect, canine, human, bed bug), for example to profile of fragrances or to discovery of modulators; panels of cells expressing a gene fused to a test peptide, i.e., to find a peptide that works to internalize a cargo such as a protein, including a monoclonal antibody or a non-protein drug into cells (the cargo could be a reporter such as GFP or AP). Related to this embodiment, supernatants from cells of this panel could be added to other cells for assessment of internalization. In such an embodiment, the panel may comprise different cell types to assess cell-type specific delivery. A panel of cell lines expressing different monoclonal antibody heavy chain/light chain combinations to identify active mAbs. An antibody panel also could provide a series of derivatized versions of a monoclonal antibody to identify one with improved characteristics, such as stability in serum, binding affinity and the like. Yet another panel could be used to express a target protein in the presence of various signaling molecules, such as different G-proteins. Still another type of panel could be used to test variants of a target proteins for improved activity/stability. A panels could comprise single nucleotide polymorphs (SNPs) or other mutated forms of a target protein to select modulators that act on a subset, many or all forms. Other panels could be used to define the patterns of activity of test compounds on a family of proteins or isoforms of a protein (such as GABA_(A) or other CNS ion channels). Differentially acting compounds could then be used in further study to determine the function/role/localization of corresponding subunit combinations in vivo. The test compounds could be known modulators that failed in the clinic or ones that have adverse off-target effects, to determine subunit combinations that may correlate with such effects. Still other panels could be used in HTS for parallel screening for reliable assessment of compounds' activity at multiple target subtypes to assist in finding compounds active at desired targets and that have minimal off target effects.

The panels can include any desired group of proteins and all such panels are contemplated by the invention.

A matched panel of the invention may be produced by generating the different cell lines for the panel sequentially, in parallel or a combination of both. For example, one can make each cell line individually and then match them. More preferably, to minimize difference between the cell lines, sequentially generated cell lines can be frozen at the same stage or passage number and thawed in parallel. Even more preferably, the cell lines are made in parallel.

In a preferred embodiments, the cell lines in a panel are screened or assayed in parallel.

According to the invention, the cell lines of the matched panel are maintained under the same cell culture conditions including but not limited to the same culture media, temperature, and the like. All of the cell lines in the panel are passaged at the same frequency which may be any desired frequency depending on a number of factors including cell type, growth rate, As will be appreciated, to maintain roughly equal numbers of cells from cell line to cell line of the panel, the number of cells should be normalized periodically.

According to the method, cells may be cultured in any cell culture format so long as the cells or cell lines are dispersed in individual cultures prior to the step of measuring growth rates. For example, for convenience, cells may be initially pooled for culture under the desired conditions and then individual cells separated one cell per well or vessel.

Cells may be cultured in multi-well tissue culture plates with any convenient number of wells. Such plates are readily commercially available and will be well knows to a person of skill in the art. In some cases, cells may preferably be cultured in vials or in any other convenient format, the various formats will be known to the skilled worker and are readily commericially available.

In embodiments comprising the step of measuring growth rate, prior to measuring growth rates, the cells are cultured for a sufficient length of time for them to acclimate to the culture conditions. As will be appreciated by the skilled worker, the length of time will vary depending on a number of factors such as the cell type, the chosen conditions, the culture format and may be any amount of time from one day to a few days, a week or more.

Preferably, each individual culture in the plurality of separate cell cultures is maintained under substantially identical conditions a discussed below, including a standardized maintenance schedule. Another advantageous feature of the method is that large numbers of individual cultures can be maintained simultaneously, so that a cell with a desired set of traits may be identified even if extremely rare. For those and other reasons, according to the invention, the plurality of separate cell cultures are cultured using automated cell culture methods so that the conditions are substantially identical for each well. Automated cell culture prevents the unavoidable variability inherent to manual cell culture.

Any automated cell culture system may be used in the method of the invention. A number of automated cell culture systems are commercially available and will be well-known to the skilled worker. In some embodiments, the automated system is a robotic system. Preferably, the system includes independently moving channels, a multichannel head (for instance a 96-tip head) and a gripper or cherry-picking arm and a HEPA filtration device to maintain sterility during the procedure. The number of channels in the pipettor should be suitable for the format of the culture. Convenient pipettors have, e.g., 96 or 384 channels. Such systems are known and are commercially available. For example, a MICROLAB START™ instrument (Hamilton) may be used in the method of the invention. The automated system should be able to perform a variety of desired cell culture tasks. Such tasks will be known by a person of skill in the art. They include but are not limited to: removing media, replacing media, adding reagents, cell washing, removing wash solution, adding a dispersing agent, removing cells from a culture vessel, adding cells to a culture vessel an the like.

The production of a cell or cell line of the invention may include any number of separate cell cultures. However, the advantages provided by the method increase as the number of cells increases. There is no theoretical upper limit to the number of cells or separate cell cultures that can be utilized in the method. According to the invention, the number of separate cell cultures can be two or more but more advantageously is at least 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more separate cell cultures, for example, at least 12, at least 15, at least 20, at least 24, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, at least 48, at least 50, at least 75, at least 96, at least 100, at least 200, at least 300, at least 384, at least 400, at least 500, at least 1000, at least 10,000, at least 100,000, at least 500,000 or more.

In some embodiments, the cells and cell lines of the invention that are cultured as described are cells that have previously been selected as positive for a nucleic acid of interest, which can be an introduced nucleic acid encoding all or part of a protein of interest or an introduced nucleic acid that activates transcription of a sequence encoding all or part of a protein of interest. In some embodiments, the cells that are cultured as described herein are cells that have been selected as positive for mRNA encoding the protein of interest.

To make cells and cell lines of the invention, one can use, for example, the technology described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,692,965 and WO/2005/079462. Both of these documents are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. This technology provides real-time assessment of millions of cells such that any desired number of clones (from hundreds to thousands of clones). Using cell sorting techniques, such as flow cytometric cell sorting (e.g., with a FACS machine) or magnetic cell sorting (e.g., with a MACS machine), one cell per well is automatically deposited with high statistical confidence in a culture vessel (such as a 96 well culture plate). The speed and automation of the technology allows multigene recombinant cell lines to be readily isolated.

Using the technology, the RNA sequence for a protein of interest may be detected using a signaling probe, also referred to as a molecular beacon or fluorogenic probe. In some embodiments, the vector containing the coding sequence has an additional sequence coding for an RNA tag sequence. “Tag sequence” refers to a nucleic acid sequence that is an expressed RNA or portion of an RNA that is to be detected by a signaling probe. Signaling probes may detect a variety of RNA sequences, any of which may be used as tags, including those encoding peptide and protein tags described above. Signaling probes may be directed against the tag by designing the probes to include a portion that is complementary to the sequence of the tag. The tag sequence may be a 3′ untranslated region of the plasmid that is cotranscribed with the transcript of the protein of interest and comprises a target sequence for signaling probe binding. The tag sequence can be in frame with the protein-coding portion of the message of the gene or out of frame with it, depending on whether one wishes to tag the protein produced. Thus, the tag sequence does not have to be translated for detection by the signaling probe. The tag sequences may comprise multiple target sequences that are the same or different, wherein one signaling probe hybridizes to each target sequence. The tag sequence may be located within the RNA encoding the gene of interest, or the tag sequence may be located within a 5′- or 3′-untranslated region. The tag sequences may be an RNA having secondary structure. The structure may be a three-arm junction structure. In some embodiments, the signaling probe detects a sequence within the coding sequence for the protein of interest.

Following transfection of the DNA constructs into cells and subsequent drug selection (if used), or following gene activation, molecular beacons (e.g., fluorogenic probes), each of which is targeted to a different tag sequence and differentially labeled, may be introduced into the cells, and a flow cytometric cell sorter is used to isolate cells positive for their signals (multiple rounds of sorting may be carried out). In one embodiment, the flow cytometric cell sorter is a FACS machine. MACS (magnetic cell sorting) or laser ablation of negative cells using laser-enabled analysis and processing can also be used. Other fluorescence plate readers, including those that are compatible with high-throughput screening can also be used. Signal-positive cells take up and may integrate into their genomes at least one copy of the introduced sequence(s). Cells introduced with message for the protein of interest are then identified. By way of example, the coding sequences may be integrated at different locations of the genome in the cell. The expression level of the introduced sequence may vary based upon copy number or integration site. Further, cells comprising a protein of interest may be obtained wherein one or more of the introduced nucleic acids is episomal or results from gene activation.

Signaling probes useful in this invention are known in the art and generally are oligonucleotides comprising a sequence complementary to a target sequence and a signal emitting system so arranged that no signal is emitted when the probe is not bound to the target sequence and a signal is emitted when the probe binds to the target sequence. By way of non-limiting illustration, the signaling probe may comprise a fluorophore and a quencher positioned in the probe so that the quencher and fluorophore are brought together in the unbound probe. Upon binding between the probe and the target sequence, the quencher and fluorophore separate, resulting in emission of signal. International publication WO/2005/079462, for example, describes a number of signaling probes that may be used in the production of the present cells and cell lines. The methods described above for introducing nucleic acids into cells may be used to introduce signaling probes.

Where tag sequences are used, each vector (where multiple vectors are used) can comprise the same or a different tag sequence. Whether the tag sequences are the same or different, the signaling probes may comprise different signal emitters, such as different colored fluorophores and the like so that expression of each subunit may be separately detected. By way of illustration, the signaling probe that specifically detects a first mRNA of interest can comprise a red fluorophore, the probe that detects a second mRNA of interest can comprise a green fluorophore, and the probe that detects a third mRNA of interest can comprise a blue fluorophore. Those of skill in the art will be aware of other means for differentially detecting the expression of the three subunits with a signaling probe in a triply transfected cell.

In one embodiment, the signaling probes are designed to be complementary to either a portion of the RNA encoding the protein of interest or to portions of the 5′ or 3′ untranslated regions. Even if the signaling probe designed to recognize a messenger RNA of interest is able to detect spuriously endogenously expressed target sequences, the proportion of these in comparison to the proportion of the sequence of interest produced by transfected cells is such that the sorter is able to discriminate the two cell types.

The expression level of a protein of interest may vary from cell to cell or cell line to cell line. The expression level in a cell or cell line may also decrease over time due to epigenetic events such as DNA methylation and gene silencing and loss of transgene copies. These variations can be attributed to a variety of factors, for example, the copy number of the transgene taken up by the cell, the site of genomic integration of the transgene, and the integrity of the transgene following genomic integration. One may use FACS or other cell sorting methods (i.e., MACS) to evaluate expression levels. Additional rounds of introducing signaling probes may be used, for example, to determine if and to what extent the cells remain positive over time for any one or more of the RNAs for which they were originally isolated.

Optionally, one or more replicate sets of cultures for one or more of the growth rate groups may be prepared. In some cases, it may be advantageous to freeze a replicate set of one or more growth bins, for example, to serve as a frozen stock. However, according to the method, frozen cell stocks can be made as often as desired and at any point and at as many points during their production. Methods for freezing cell cultures are well-known to those of skill in the art. By way of example, the replicate set can be frozen at any temperature, for example, at −70° to −80° C. In one embodiment, cells were incubated until 70-100% confluency was reached. Next, media was aspirated and a solution of 90% FBS and 10% media was added to the plates, insulated and frozen.

The invention contemplates performing the method with any number of replicate sets using different culture conditions. That is, the method can be formed with a first plurality (set) of separate cell cultures under a first set of culture conditions and with a second set of separate cell cultures that are cultured under a second set of conditions that are different from the first conditions, and so on for any desired number of sets of conditions. The methods using different sets of conditions can be performed simultaneously or sequentially or a combination of both (such as two sets simultaneously followed by two more sets, and so on).

One advantage of the method described herein for selecting a cell with consistent functional expression of a protein of interest is that cells are selected by function, not by the presence of a particular nucleic acid in the cell. Cells that comprise a nucleic acid encoding a protein of interest may not express it, or even if the protein is produced, for many reasons the protein may not be functional or have altered function compared to “native” function, i.e., function in a cell in its normal context that naturally expresses the protein. By selecting cells based on function, the methods described herein make it possible to identify novel functional forms. For example, it is possible to identify multiple cells that have various degrees of function in the same assay, such as with the same test compound or with a series of compounds. The differential function provides a series of functional “profiles”. Such profiles are useful, for example, to identify compounds that differentially affect different functional forms of a protein. Such compounds are useful to identify the functional form of a protein in a particular tissue or disease state, an the like.

A further advantage of the method for making cells and cell lines of the invention including cells that express complex proteins or multiple proteins of interest is that the cells can be produced in significantly less time that by conventional methods. For example, depending on a number of factors including the number of cells required for the functional assay, whether growth rate binning is done and other factors, cells expressing a demonstrably functional protein may be produced in as little as 2 day, or a week but even production time of 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months or even 6 months are significantly faster than was possible by conventional methods, even for complex or multiple proteins.

In another aspect, the invention provides methods of using the cells and cell lines of the invention. The cells and cell lines of the invention may be used in any application for which the functional protein of interest are needed. The cells and cell lines may be used, for example, in an in vitro cell-based assay or an in vivo assay where the cells are implanted in an animal (e.g., a non-human mammal) to, e.g., screen for modulators; produce protein for crystallography and binding studies; and investigate compound selectivity and dosing, receptor/compound binding kinetic and stability, and effects of receptor expression on cellular physiology (e.g., electrophysiology, protein trafficking, protein folding, and protein regulation). The cells and cell lines of the invention also can be used in knock down studies to examine the roles of the protein of interest.

Cells and cell lines of the invention also may be used to identify soluble biologic competitors, for functional assays, bio-panning (e.g., using phage display libraries), gene chip studies to assess resulting changes in gene expression, two-hybrid studies to identify protein-protein interactions, knock down of specific subunits in cell lines to assess its role, electrophysiology, study of protein trafficking, study of protein folding, study of protein regulation, production of antibodies to the protein, isolation of probes to the protein, isolation of fluorescent probes to the protein, study of the effect of the protein's expression on overall gene expression/processing, study of the effect of the protein's expression on overall protein expression and processing, and study of the effect of protein's expression on cellular structure, properties, characteristics.

The cells and cell lines of the invention further are useful to characterize the protein of interest (DNA, RNA or protein) including DNA, RNA or protein stoichiometry, protein folding, assembly, membrane integration or surface presentation, conformation, activity state, activation potential, response, function, and the cell based assay function, where the protein of interest comprises a multigene system, complex or pathway whether all components of these are provided by one or more target genes introduced into cells or by any combination of introduced and endogenously expressed sequences.

The invention makes possible the production of multiple cell lines expressing a protein of interest. Clonal cell lines of the invention will have different absolute and relative levels of such expression. A large panel of such clones can be screened for activity with a number of known reference compounds. In this way, each isolated cell line will have a “fingerprint” of responses to test compounds which represent the activities of differential functional expression of the protein. The cell lines can then be grouped based on the similarity of such responses to the compounds. At least one cell line representing each functionally distinct expression profile can be chosen for further study. A collection of these cell lines can then be used to screen a large number of compounds. In this way, compounds which selectively modulate one or more of the corresponding distinct functional forms of the protein may be identified. These modulators can then be tested in secondary assays or in vivo models to determine which demonstrate activity in these assays or models. In this connection, the modulators would be used as reference compounds to identify which corresponding functional forms of the protein may be present or play a role in the secondary assay or model system employed. Such testing may be used to determine the functional forms of a protein that may exist in vivo as well as those that may be physiologically relevant. These modulators could be used to discern which of the functionally distinct forms are involved in a particular phenotype or physiological function such as disease.

This method is also useful when creating cell lines for proteins that have not been well characterized. For such proteins, there is often little information regarding the nature of their functional response to known compounds. Such a lack of established functional benchmarks to assess the activity of clones may be one challenge in producing physiologically relevant cell lines. The method described above provides a way to obtain physiologically relevant cell lines even for proteins that are not well characterized where there is a lack of such information. Cell lines comprising the physiologically relevant form of a protein may be obtained by pursuing clones representing a number or all of the functional forms that may result from the expression of genes comprising a protein.

The cells and cell lines of the invention may be used to identify the roles of different forms of the protein of interest in different pathologies by correlating the identity of in vivo forms of the protein with the identity of known forms of the protein based on their response to various modulators. This allows selection of disease- or tissue-specific modulators for highly targeted treatment of pathologies associated with the protein.

To identify a modulator, one exposes a cell or cell line of the invention to a test compound under conditions in which the protein would be expected to be functional and then detects a statistically significant change (e.g., p<0.05) in protein activity compared to a suitable control, e.g., cells that are not exposed to the test compound. Positive and/or negative controls using known agonists or antagonists and/or cells expressing the protein of interest may also be used. One of ordinary skill in the art would understand that various assay parameters may be optimized, e.g., signal to noise ratio.

In some embodiments, one or more cells or cell lines of the invention are exposed to a plurality of test compounds, for example, a library of test compounds. Such libraries of test compounds can be screened using the cell lines of the invention to identify one or more modulators of the protein of interest. The test compounds can be chemical moieties including small molecules, polypeptides, peptides, peptide mimetics, antibodies or antigen-binding portions thereof, natural compounds, synthetic compounds, extracts, lipids, detergents, and the like. In the case of antibodies, they may be non-human antibodies, chimeric antibodies, humanized antibodies, or fully human antibodies. The antibodies may be intact antibodies comprising a full complement of heavy and light chains or antigen-binding portions of any antibody, including antibody fragments (such as Fab and Fab, Fab′, F(ab′)₂, Fd, Fv, dAb and the like), single chain antibodies (scFv), single domain antibodies, all or an antigen-binding portion of a heavy chain or light chain variable region.

In some embodiments, prior to exposure to a test compound, the cells or cell lines of the invention may be modified by pretreatment with, for example, enzymes, including mammalian or other animal enzymes, plant enzymes, bacterial enzymes, protein modifying enzymes and lipid modifying enzymes. Such enzymes can include, for example, kinases, proteases, phosphatases, glycosidases, oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, ligases bacterial proteases, proteases from the gut, proteases from the GI tract, proteases in saliva, in the oral cavity, proteases from lysol cells/bacteria, and the like. Alternatively, the cells and cell lines may be exposed to the test compound first followed by enzyme treatment to identify compounds that alter the modification of the protein by the treatment.

In some embodiments, large compound collections are tested for protein modulating activity in a cell-based, functional, high-throughput screen (HTS), e.g., using 96-well, 384-well, 1536-well or higher density formats. In some embodiments, a test compound or multiple test compounds, including a library of test compounds, may be screened using more than one cell or cell line of the invention.

In some embodiments, the cells and cell lines of the invention have increased sensitivity to modulators of the protein of interest. Cells and cell lines of the invention also respond to modulators with a physiological range EC₅₀ or IC₅₀ values for the protein. As used herein, EC₅₀ refers to the concentration of a compound or substance required to induce a half-maximal activating response in the cell or cell line. As used herein, IC₅₀ refers to the concentration of a compound or substance required to induce a half-maximal inhibitory response in the cell or cell line. EC₅₀ and IC₅₀ values may be determined using techniques that are well-known in the art, for example, a dose-response curve that correlates the concentration of a compound or substance to the response of the protein-expressing cell line.

A further advantageous property of the cells and cell lines of the invention is that modulators identified in initial screening using those cells and cell lines are functional in secondary functional assays. As those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize, compounds identified in initial screening assays typically must be modified, such as by combinatorial chemistry, medicinal chemistry or synthetic chemistry, for their derivatives or analogs to be functional in secondary functional assays. However, due to the high physiological relevance of the cells and cell lines of this invention, many compounds identified using those cells and cell lines are functional without further modification. In some embodiments, at least 25%, 30%, 40%, 50% or more of the modulators identified in an initial assay are functional in a secondary assay. Further, cell lines of the invention perform in functional assays on a par with the “gold standard” assays. For example, cell lines of the invention expressing GABA A receptors perform substantially the same in membrane potential assays and in electrophysiology.

These and other embodiments of the invention may be further illustrated in the following non-limiting Examples.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Generating a Stable GABA_(A)-Expressing Cell Line

Generating Expression Vectors

Plasmid expression vectors that allowed streamlined cloning were generated based on pCMV-SCRIPT (Stratagene) and contained various necessary components for transcription and translation of a gene of interest, including: CMV and SV40 eukaryotic promoters; SV40 and HSV-TK polyadenylation sequences; multiple cloning sites; Kozak sequences; and neomycin/kanamycin resistance cassettes.

Step 1-Transfection

We transfected both 293T and CHO cells. The example focuses on CHO cells, where the CHO cells were cotransfected with three separate plasmids, one encoding a human GABA alpha subunit (SEQ ID NO: GABA1-GABA4), one encoding the human GABA beta 3 subunit (SEQ ID NO: GABA5) and the other encoding the human GABA gamma 2 subunit (SEQ ID NO: GABA6) in the following combinations: α1β3γ2s (α1), α2β3γ2s (α2), α3β3γ2s (α3) and α5β3γ2s (α5). As will be appreciated by those of skill in the art, any reagent that is suitable for use with a chosen host cell may be used to introduce a nucleic acid, e.g. plasmid, oligonucleotide, labeled oligonucleotide, into a host cell with proper optimization. Examples of reagents that may be used to introduce nucleic acids into host cells include but are not limited to Lipofectamine, Lipofectamine 2000, Oligofectamine, TFX reagents, Fugene 6, DOTAP/DOPE, Metafectine, or Fecturin.

Although drug selection is optional in the methods of this invention, we included one drug resistance marker per plasmid. The sequences were under the control of the CMV promoter. An untranslated sequence encoding a tag for detection by a signaling probe was also present along with a sequence encoding a drug resistance marker. The target sequences utilized were GABA Target Sequence 1 (SEQ ID NO: GABA7), GABA Target Sequence 2 (SEQ ID NO: GABA8) and GABA Target Sequence 3 (SEQ ID NO: GABA9). In these examples, the GABA alpha subunit gene-containing vector contained GABA Target Sequence 1, the GABA beta subunit gene-containing vector contained GABA Target Sequence 2 and the GABA gamma subunit gene-containing vector contained the GABA Target Sequence 3.

Step 2—Selection Step

Transfected cells were grown for 2 days in HAMF12-FBS, followed by 14 days in antibiotic-containing HAMF12-FBS. The antibiotic containing period had antibiotics added to the media as follows: Puromycin (3.5 ug/ml), Hygromycin (150 ug/ml), and G418/Neomycin (300 μg/ml)

Step 3—Cell Passaging

Following antibiotic selection, and prior to introduction of fluorogenic probes, cells were passaged 6 to 18 times in the absence of antibiotics to allow time for expression that is not stable over the selected period of time to subside.

Step 4—Exposure of Cells to Fluorogenic Probes

Cells were harvested and transfected with GABA signaling probes (SEQ ID NO: GABA10-GABA12). As will be appreciated by those of skill in the art, any reagent that is suitable for use with a chosen host cell may be used to introduce a nucleic acid, e.g. plasmid, oligonucleotide, labeled oligonucleotide, into a host cell with proper optimization. Examples of reagents that may be used to introduce nucleic acids into host cells include but are not limited to Lipofectamine, Lipofectamine 2000, Oligofectamine, TFX reagents, Fugene 6, DOTAP/DOPE, Metafectine, or Fecturin.

GABA Signaling Probe 1 binds GABA Target Sequence 1, GABA Signaling Probe 2 binds GABA Target Sequence 2 and GABA Signaling Probe 3 binds GABA Target Sequence 3. The cells were then collected for analysis and sorted using a fluorescence activated cell sorter (below).

Target Sequences Detected by Signaling Probes

GABA Target 1 (SEQ ID NO: GABA7) 5′-GTTCTTAAGGCACAGGAACTGGGAC-3′ (alpha subunit) GABA Target 2 (SEQ ID NO: GABA8) 5′-GAAGTTAACCCTGTCGTTCTGCGAC-3′ (beta subunit) GABA Target 3 (SEQ ID NO: GABA9) 5′-GTTCTATAGGGTCTGCTTGTCGCTC-3′ (gamma subunit)

Signaling Probes

Supplied as 100 μM stocks

A similar probe using a Quasar Dye (BioSearch) with spectral properties similar to Cy5 was used in certain experiments. Note also that 5-MedC and 2-aminodA mixmer probes rather than DNA probes were used in some instances.

GABA Signaling probe 1 - binds (GABA Target 1) (SEQ ID NO: GABA10) 5′-Cy5 GCCAGTCCCAGTTCCTGTGCCTTAAGAACCTCGC BHQ3 quench-3′ GABA Signaling probe 2 - binds (GABA Target 2) (SEQ ID NO: GABA11) 5′-Cy5.5 GCGAGTCGCAGAACGACAGGGTTAACTTCCTCGC BHQ3 quench-3′ Note that BHQ3 could be substituted with BHQ2 or a gold particle in Probe 1 or Probe 2. GABA Signaling probe 3 - binds (GABA Target 3) (SEQ ID NO: GABA12) 5′-Fam GCGAGAGCGACAAGCAGACCCTATAGAACCTCGC BHQ1 quench-3″ Note that BHQ1 could be substituted with BHQ2 or Dabcyl in Probe 3.

Step 5—Isolation of Positive Cells

The cells were dissociated and collected for analysis and sorting using a fluorescence activated cell sorter. Standard analytical methods were used to gate cells fluorescing above background and to isolate individual cells falling within the gate into barcoded 96-well plates. The gating hierarchy was as follows: Gating hierarchy: coincidence gate>singlets gate>live gate>Sort gate. With this gating strategy, the top 0.04-0.4% of triple positive cells were marked for sorting into barcoded 96-well plates.

Step 6—Additional Cycles of Steps 1-5 and/or 3-5

Steps 1 to 5 and/or 3-5 were repeated to obtain a greater number of cells. Two independent rounds of steps 1-5 were completed, and for each of these cycles, at least three internal cycles of steps 3-5 were performed for the sum of independent rounds.

Step 7—Estimation of Growth Rates for the Populations of Cells

The plates were transferred to a Hamilton Microlabstar automated liquid handler. Cells were incubated for 5-7 days in a 1:1 mix of 2-3 day conditioned growth medium:fresh growth medium (growth medium is Ham's F12/10% FBS) supplemented with 100 units penicillin/ml plus 0.1 mg/ml streptomycin and then dispersed by trypsinization with 0.25% trypsin to minimize clumps and transferred to new 96-well plates. After the clones were dispersed, plates were imaged to determine confluency of wells (Genetix). Each plate was focused for reliable image acquisition across the plate. Reported confluencies of greater than 70% were not relied upon. Confluency measurements were obtained at days every 3 times over 9 days (between days 1 and 10 post-dispersal) and used to calculate growth rates.

Step 8—Binning Populations of Cells According to Growth Rate Estimates

Cells were binned (independently grouped and plated as a cohort) according to growth rate between 10-11 days following the dispersal step in step 7. Bins were independently collected and plated on individual 96 well plates for downstream handling, and there could be more than one target plate per specific bin. Bins were calculated by considering the spread of growth rates and bracketing a range covering a high percentage of the total number of populations of cells. Depending on the sort iteration (see Step 5), between 5 and 6 growth bins were used with a partition of 1-4 days. Therefore each bin corresponded to a growth rate or population doubling time between 12 and 14.4 hours depending on the iteration.

Step 9—Replica Plating to Speed Parallel Processing and Provide Stringent QC

The plates were incubated under standard and fixed conditions (humidified 37° C., 5% CO₂/95% air) in Ham's F12 media/10% FBS without antibiotics. The plates of cells were split to produce 4 sets (the set consists of all plates with all growth bins—these steps ensure there are 4 replicates of the initial set) of target plates. Up to 2 target plate sets were committed for cryopreservation (see below), and the remaining set was scaled and further replica plated for passage and for functional assay experiments. Distinct and independent tissue culture reagents, incubators, personnel and carbon dioxide sources were used for each independently carried set of plates. Quality control steps were taken to ensure the proper production and quality of all tissue culture reagents: each component added to each bottle of media prepared for use was added by one designated person in one designated hood with only that reagent in the hood while a second designated person monitored to avoid mistakes. Conditions for liquid handling were set to eliminate cross contamination across wells. Fresh tips were used for all steps or stringent tip washing protocols were used. Liquid handling conditions were set for accurate volume transfer, efficient cell manipulation, washing cycles, pipetting speeds and locations, number of pipetting cycles for cell dispersal, and relative position of tip to plate.

Step 10—Freezing Early Passage Stocks of Populations of Cells

At least two sets of plates were frozen at −70 to −80 C. Plates in each set were first allowed to attain confluencies of 70 to 100%. Media was aspirated and 90% FBS and 10% DMSO was added. The plates were sealed with Parafilm and then individually surrounded by 1 to 5 cm of foam and placed into a −80 C freezer.

Step 11—Methods and Conditions for Initial Transformative Steps to Produce VSF

The remaining set of plates were maintained as described in step 9 (above). All cell splitting was performed using automated liquid handling steps, including media removal, cell washing, trypsin addition and incubation, quenching and cell dispersal steps.

Step 12—Normalization Methods to Correct any Remaining Variability of Growth Rates

The consistency and standardization of cell and culture conditions for all populations of cells was controlled. Any differences across plates due to slight differences in growth rates could be controlled by periodic normalization of cell numbers across plates.

Step 13—Characterization of Population of Cells

The cells were maintained for 6 to 8 weeks of cell culture to allow for their in vitro evolution under these conditions. During this time, we observed size, morphology, fragility, response to trypsinization or dissociation, roundness/average circularity post-dissociation, percentage viability, tendency towards microconfluency, or other aspects of cell maintenance such as adherence to culture plate surfaces.

Step 14—Assessment of Potential Functionality of Populations of Cells Under VSF Conditions

Populations of cells were tested using functional criteria. Membrane potential assay kits (Molecular Devices/MDS) were used according to manufacturer's instructions. Cells were tested at multiple different densities in 96 or 384-well plates and responses were analyzed. A variety of time points post plating were used, for instance 12-48 hours post plating. Different densities of plating were also tested for assay response differences.

Step 15

The functional responses from experiments performed at low and higher passage numbers were compared to identify cells with the most consistent responses over defined periods of time, ranging from 3 to 9 weeks. Other characteristics of the cells that changed over time are also noted, including morphology, tendency toward microconfluency, and time to attach to culture matrices post-plating.

Step 16

Populations of cells meeting functional and other criteria were further evaluated to determine those most amenable to production of viable, stable and functional cell lines. Selected populations of cells were expanded in larger tissue culture vessels and the characterization steps described above were continued or repeated under these conditions. At this point, additional standardization steps were introduced for consistent and reliable passages. These included different plating cell densities, time of passage, culture dish size/format and coating, fluidics optimization, cell dissociation optimization (type, volume used, and length of time), as well as washing steps. Assay Z′ scores were stable when tested every few days over the course of four weeks in culture.

Also, viability of cells at each passage were determined. Manual intervention was increased and cells were more closely observed and monitored. This information was used to help identify and select final cell lines that retained the desired properties Final cell lines and back-up cell lines were selected that showed consistent growth, appropriate adherence, as well as functional response.

Step 17—Establishment of Cell Banks

The low passage frozen plates (see above) corresponding to the final cell line and back-up cell lines were thawed at 37° C., washed two times with Ham's F12/10% FBS and incubated in humidified 37° C./5% CO2 conditions. The cells were then expanded for a period of 2-3 weeks. Cell banks for each final and back-up cell line consisting of 25 vials each with 10 million cells were established.

Step 18

At least one vial from the cell bank was thawed and expanded in culture. The resulting cells were tested to confirm that they met the same characteristics for which they were originally selected.

Example 2 Verification of GABA_(A) Cell Lines Response to GABA Ligand

The response of CHO cell lines expressing GABA_(A) (subunit combinations of α1β3γ2s (α1), α2β3γ2s (α2), α3β3γ2s (α3) and α5β3γ2s (α5)) GABA, the endogenous GABA_(A) ligand, was evaluated. Interaction of cell lines with GABA was evaluated by measuring the membrane potential of GABA_(A), in response to GABA using the following protocol.

Cells were plated 24 hours prior to assay at 10-25,000 cells per well in 384 well plates in growth media (Ham's F-12 media plus FBS and glutamine). Media removal was followed by the addition of membrane potential dye diluted in load buffer (137 mM NaCl, 5 mMKCl, 1.25 mM CaCl, 25 mM HEPES, 10 mM Glucose). Incubation was for 1 hour, followed by plate loading onto the high throughput fluorescent plate reader (Hamamastu FDSS). GABA ligand was diluted in MP assay buffer (137 mM NaCl, 5 mM KGluconate, 1.25 mM CaCl, 25 mM HEPES, 10 mM Glucose) to the desired concentration (when needed, serial dilutions of GABA were generated, concentrations used: 3 nM, 10 nM, 30 nM, 100 nM, 300 nM, 1 uM, 3 uM, 10 uM) and added to each well. The plates were read for 90 seconds.

Table GABA1 (below) demonstrates that each of the cell lines generated responds to GABA ligand. These results indicate that the GABA_(A) cell lines produced, which respond as expected to the endogenous ligand, are physiologically relevant for use in high-throughput screening assays. Further, the replicate wells produced precise EC₅₀ values from well to well indicating high reproducibility of the GABA_(A) cell lines. Z′ values generated using the membrane potential assay were α1β3γ2s 0.58, α2β3γ2s 0.67, α3β3γ2s 0.69 and α5β3γ2s 0.62.

Example 3 Additional Verification of GABA_(A) Cell Lines Using a Known GABA_(A) Modulator

The GABA_(A) cell lines and membrane potential assay were verified by the methods described in Example 2 using serial dilutions in assay buffer of bicuculline (a known antagonist) at 30 uM, 10 uM, 3 uM, 1 uM, 300 nM, 100 nM and 30 nM.

Bicuculline was found to interact with all four GABA_(A) cell lines in the presence of EC₅₀ concentrations of GABA. These results indicate that the GABA_(A) cell lines produced, which respond as expected to this known modulator of GABA_(A), are physiologically and pharmacologically relevant for use in high-throughput screening assays.

Example 4 Characterization of Cell Line Expressing GABA_(A) for Native GABA_(A) Function Using Membrane Potential Assay

The interaction of CHO cell lines expressing GABA_(A) (subunit combinations of α1β3γ2s (α1), α2β3γ2s (α2), α3β3γ2s (α3) and α5β3γ2s (α5)) with 1280 compounds from the LOPAC 1280 (Library of Pharmacologically Active Compounds) was evaluated (Sigma-RBI Prod. No. LO1280). The LOPAC 1280 library contains high purity, small organic ligands with well documented pharmacological activities. Interaction of cell lines with test compounds was evaluated by measuring the membrane potential of GABA_(A), in response to test compounds using the following protocol.

Cells were plated 24 hours prior to assay at 10-25,000 cells per well in 384 well plates in growth media (Ham's F-12 media plus FBS and glutamine). Media removal was followed by the addition of membrane potential dye diluted in load buffer (137 mM NaCl, 5 mMKCl, 1.25 mM CaCl, 25 mM HEPES, 10 mM Glucose). Incubation was for 1 hour, followed by plate loading onto the high throughput fluorescent plate reader (Hamamastu FDSS). Test compounds were diluted in MP assay buffer (137 mM NaCl, 5 mM KGluconate, 1.25 mM CaCl, 25 mM HEPES, 10 mM Glucose) to the desired concentration (when needed, serial dilutions of each test compound were generated, concentrations used: 3 nM, 10 nM, 30 nM, 100 nM, 300 nM, 1 uM, 3 uM, 10 uM) and added to each well. The plates were read for 90 seconds.

Results

The activity of each compound towards the GABA_(A) cell lines produced was measured and compounds which exhibited similar or greater activity as GABA (the endogenous ligand) were scored as positive hits. Of the 1280 compounds screened, 34 activated at least one cell line (i.e., either α1, α2, α3 and α5) as well as, if not better, than GABA. The interaction of 17 of these compounds with the produced GABA_(A) cell lines was confirmed in the following dose response studies. Modulators which require GABA to be present, partial agonists and low potency compounds were not included in the list.

The screening assay identified each of the GABA_(A) agonists in the LOPAC library: GABA (endogenous ligand), propofol, isoguvacine hydrochloride, muscimol hydrobromide, piperidine-4-sulphonic acid, 3-alpha, 21-dihydroxy-5-alpha-pregnan-20-one (a neurosteroid), 5-alpha-pregnan-3alpha-ol-11,20-dione (a neurosteroid), 5-alpha-pegnan-3alpha-ol-20-one (a neurosteroid), and tracazolate. The results indicate that the produced GABA_(A) cell lines respond in a physiologically relevant manner (e.g., they respond to agonists of the endogenous receptor). EC₅₀ values for these eight agonists were determined and are included in Table GABA1 (below).

The screening assay also identified four compounds in the LOPAC library not described as GABA agonist but known to have other activities associated with GABA_(A) which we noted: etazolate (a phosphodiesterase inhibitor), androsterone (a steroid hormone), chlormezanone (a muscle relaxant), and ivermectin (an anti-parasitic known to effect chlorine channels). EC₅₀ values for these four compounds were determined and are summarized in Table GABA1 (below).

The screening assay further identified four compounds in the LOPAC library which, until now, were not known to interact with GABA_(A). These novel compounds include: dipyrimidole (an adenosine deaminase inhibitor), niclosamide (an anti-parasitic), tyrphosin A9 (a PDGFR inhibitor), and I-Ome-Tyrphosin AG 538 (an IGF RTK inhibitor). EC50 values for these four compounds were determined and are summarized in Table GABA1 (below).

The results of the screening assays summarized in Table GABA1:

Chromocell Compound Description Target EC₅₀ Values GABA endogenous α1, α2, α3, α5 α1 3.29 μM ligand α2 374 nM α3 131 nM α5 144 nM Muscimol agonist α1, α2, α3, α5 α1 4 μM α2 675 nM α3 367 nM α5 80 nM Propofol agonist α1, α2, α3, α5 α1 33.4 μM α2 42.8 μM α3 12.9 μM α5 2.0 μM Isoguvacine agonist α1, α2, α3, α5 α1 3.57 μM hydrochloride α2 3.42 μM α3 6.78 μM α5 1.13 μM Piperidine-4- agonist α1, α2, α3, α5 α1 13 μM sulphonic acid α2 20 μM α3 8.33 μM α5 14.2 μM 3-alpha, 21- neurosteroid α1, α2, α3, α5 α1 382 nM dihydroxy-5- (agonist) α2 123 nM alpha-pregnan-20- α3 80.2 nM one α5 17.3 nM 5-alpha-Pregnan- neurosteroid α1, α2, α3, α5 α1 762 nM 3alpha-ol-11,20- (agonist) α2 338 nM dione α3 168 nM α5 122 nM 5-alpha-Pregnan- neurosteroid α1, α2, α3, α5 α1 692 nM 3alpha-ol-20-one (agonist) α2 140 nM α3 80.0 nM α5 33.6 nM Tracazolate agonist α1, α2, α3, α5 α1 10.6 μM α2 8.9 μM α3 4.3 μM α5 762 nM Androsterone Steroid with α1, α2, α3, α5 α1 1.48 μM GABA_(A) receptor α2 1.52 μM activity α3 1.12 μM α5 337 nM Ivermectin Phospho- α1, α2, α3, α5 α1 4.26 μM diesterase α2 767 nM inhibitor: Known α3 798 nM GABAergic α5 687 nM Chlormezanone Muscle relaxant: α1, α2, α3, α5 α1 1.74 nM known GABA α2 5.42 nM ligand α3 7.0 nM α5 14.1 nM Etazolate Anti-parasitic: α1, α2, α3, α5 α1 2.54 μM known effector of α2 790 nM chlorine channels α3 569 nM α5 281 nM Dipyridamole Adenosine α1, α2, α3, α5 α1 7.16 μM inhibitor known to α2 3.68 μM effect GABA α3 3.69 μM release in α5 1.37 μM neurons (not known to bind to GABA_(A)) Niclosamide Anti parasitic α1, α2, α3, α5 α1 1.2 μM (side effects α2 1.26 μM include α3 0.55 μM drowsiness and α5 0.69 μM dizziness) Tyrphostin A9 PDGFR inhibitor α1, α2, α3, α5 α1 1.8 μM α2 0.88 μM α3 5.0 μM α5 54.0 μM I-OMe Tyrphostin IGF RTK inhibitor α1, α2, α3, α5 α1 3.5 μM 538 α2 1.5 μM α3 2.2 μM α5 Not active

Example 5 Characterization GABA_(A)-CHO Cells for Native GABA_(A) Function Using Electrophysiological Assay

The following voltage-clamp protocol was used: the membrane potential was clamped to a holding potential of −60 mV. Currents were evoked by 2-sec applications of increasing concentrations of GABA (0.10-100 μM) with intermediate wash with buffer.

Whole cell receptor current traces for the α2, α3, and α5 GABA_(A) cell lines in response to 100 uM GABA, and the α1 GABA_(A) cell line in response to increasing concentrations of GABA (0.10-100 μM in log increments), confirm that the GABA_(A) cell lines can be used in traditional electrophysiology assays in addition to the High-Throughput Screening assays described above. These electrophysiology assay results, along with the membrane potential assay of Example 2, confirm the physiological and pharmacological relevance of the GABA_(A) cell lines produced herein. Electrophysiology is accepted as a reliable method of detecting modulators of GABA_(A) receptors. Our data indicate that the cell lines of the invention can produce similarly reliable results using a membrane potential assay. Cell lines of the prior art are not reliable or sensitive enough to effectively utilize this membrane potential assay, which is cheaper and faster than electrophysiology. Thus, the cell lines of the invention allow screening on a much larger scale than is available using electrophysiology (10,000's of assays per day using the membrane potential assay compared to less than 100 per day using electrophysiology).

Example 6 Characterization of an in-Cell Readout Assay for Native GABA_(A) Function Using Halide-Sensitive MeYFP

The response of GABA_(A) (subunit combinations of α1β3γ2s (A1), α2β3γ2s (A2), α3β3γ2s (A3) and α5β3γ2s (A5)) expressing CHO cells of the invention to test compounds was evaluated using the following protocol for an in-cell readout assay.

Cells were plated 24 hours prior to assay at 10-25,000 cells per well in 384 well plates in growth media (Ham's F-12 media plus FBS and glutamine). Media removal was followed by the addition of loading buffer (135 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 2 mM CaCl₂, 1 mM MgCl₂, 10 mM HEPES, 10 mM glucose) and incubation for 1 hour. The assay plates were then loaded on the FDSS (Hamamatsu Corporation). Test compounds (e.g. GABA ligand) were diluted in assay buffer (150 mM NaI, 5 mMKCl, 1.25 mM CaCl₂, 1 mM MgCl₂, 25 mM HEPES, 10 mM glucose) to the desired concentration (when needed, serial dilutions of each test compound were generated, effective concentrations used: 3 nM, 10 nM, 30 nM, 100 nM, 300 nM, 1 uM, 3 uM, 10 uM) and added to each well. The plates were read for 90 seconds.

In response to increasing concentrations of GABA ligand, GABA_(A)-meYFP—CHO cells show increasing quench of meYFP signal. This quench can be used to calculate dose response curves for GABA activation. The GABA dose response curves generated by the in-cell readout assay are similar to the curves generated by the Membrane Potential Blue assay described in Example 3. These data demonstrate that the cells of the invention can be used in an in-cell readout assay to determine modulators of GABA_(A).

Example 8 Generating a Stable GC-C-Expressing Cell Line

293T cells were transfected with a plasmid encoding the human GC-C gene (SEQ ID NO: GCC 3) using standard techniques. (Examples of reagents that may be used to introduce nucleic acids into host cells include, but are not limited to, LIPOFECTAMINE™, LIPOFECTAMINE™2000, OLIGOFECTAMINE™, TFX™ reagents, FUGENE®6, DOTAP/DOPE, Metafectine or FECTURIN™.)

Although drug selection is optional in the methods of this invention, we included one drug resistance marker in the plasmid encoding the human GC-C gene. The GC-C sequence was under the control of the CMV promoter. An untranslated sequence encoding a tag for detection by a signaling probe was also present along with a sequence encoding a drug resistance marker. The target sequence utilized was GC-C Target Sequence 1 (SEQ ID NO: GCC 1). In this example, the GC-C gene-containing vector contained GC-C Target Sequence 1.

Transfected cells were grown for 2 days in DMEM-FBS, followed by 10 days in 500 μg/ml hygromycin-containing DMEM-FBS, then in DMEM-FBS for the remainder of the time, totaling between 4 and 5 weeks (depending on which independent isolation) in DMEM/10% FBS, prior to the addition of the signaling probe.

Following enrichment on antibiotic, cells were passaged 8-10 times in the absence of antibiotic selection to allow time for expression that is not stable over the selected period of time to subside.

Cells were harvested and transfected with GC-C Signaling Probe 1 (SEQ ID NO: GCC 2) using standard techniques. (Examples of reagents that may be used to introduce nucleic acids into host cells include, but are not limited to, LIPOFECTAMINE™, LIPOFECTAMINE™2000, OLIGOFECTAMINE™, TFX™ reagents, FUGENE®6, DOTAP/DOPE, Metafectine or FECTURIN™.) The cells were then dissociated and collected for analysis and sorted using a fluorescence activated cell sorter.

GC-C Target Sequence 1 Detected by GC-C Signaling Probe 1

5′-GTTCTTAAGGCACAGGAACTGGGAC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: GCC 1)

GC-C Signaling Probe 1

(Supplied as 100 μM stock)

(SEQ ID NO: GCC 2) 5′-Cy5 GCCAGTCCCAGTTCCTGTGCCTTAAGAACCTCGC BHQ2-3′

In addition, a similar probe using a QUASAR® Dye (BioSearch) with spectral properties similar to Cy5 was used in certain experiments. In some experiments, 5-MedC and 2-amino dA mixmers were used rather than DNA probes.

The cells were dissociated and collected for analysis and sorting using a fluorescence activated cell sorter. Standard analytical methods were used to gate cells fluorescing above background and to isolate individual cells falling within the gate into bar-coded 96-well plates. The following gating hierarchy was used: coincidence gate→singlets gate→live gate→Sort gate in plot FAM vs. Cy5: 0.3% of live cells

The above steps were repeated to obtain a greater number of cells. Two rounds of all the above steps were performed. In addition, the cell passaging, exposure to the signaling probe and isolation of positive cells by the fluorescence activated cell sorter sequence of steps was performed a total of two times for one of the independent transfection rounds.

The plates were transferred to a MICROLAB START™ (Hamilton Robotics). Cells were incubated for 9 days in 100 μl of 1:1 mix of fresh complete growth medium and 2-day-conditioned growth medium, supplemented with 100 U penicillin and 0.1 mg/ml streptomycin, dispersed by trypsinization twice to minimize clumps and transferred to new 96-well plates. Plates were imaged to determine confluency of wells (Genetix). Each plate was focused for reliable image acquisition across the plate. Reported confluencies of greater than 70% were not relied upon. Confluency measurements were obtained on 3 consecutive days and used to calculate growth rates.

Cells were binned (independently grouped and plated as a cohort) according to growth rate 3 days following the dispersal step. Each of the 4 growth bins was separated into individual 96-well plates; some growth bins resulted in more than one 96-well plate. Bins were calculated by considering the spread of growth rates and bracketing a range covering a high percentage of the total number of populations of cells. Bins were calculated to capture 12-hour differences in growth rate.

Cells can have doubling times from less than 1 day to more than 2 weeks. In order to process the most diverse clones that at the same time can be reasonably binned according to growth rate, it is preferable to use 3-9 bins with a 0.25 to 0.7 day doubling time per bin. One skilled in the art will appreciate that the tightness of the bins and number of bins can be adjusted for the particular situation and that the tightness and number of bins can be further adjusted if cells were synchronized for their cell cycle.

The plates were incubated under standardized and fixed conditions (DMEM/FBS, 37° C., 5% CO₂) without antibiotics. The plates of cells were split to produce 5 sets of 96-well plates (3 sets for freezing, 1 for assay and 1 for passage). Distinct and independent tissue culture reagents, incubators, personnel and carbon dioxide sources were used downstream in the workflow for each of the sets of plates. Quality control steps were taken to ensure the proper production and quality of all tissue culture reagents: each component added to each bottle of media prepared for use was added by one designated person in one designated hood with only that reagent in the hood while a second designated person monitors to avoid mistakes. Conditions for liquid handling were set to eliminate cross contamination across wells. Fresh tips were used for all steps, or stringent tip washing protocols were used. Liquid handling conditions were set for accurate volume transfer, efficient cell manipulation, washing cycles, pipetting speeds and locations, number of pipetting cycles for cell dispersal, and relative position of tip to plate.

One set of plates was frozen at −70 to −80° C. Plates in the set were first allowed to attain confluencies of 70 to 100%. Medium was aspirated and 90% FBS and 10% DMSO was added. The plates were individually sealed with Parafilm, surrounded by 1 to 5 cm of foam and placed into a freezer.

The remaining two sets of plates were maintained under standardized and fixed conditions as described above. All cell splitting was performed using automated liquid handling steps, including media removal, cell washing, trypsin addition and incubation, quenching and cell dispersal steps.

The consistency and standardization of cell and culture conditions for all populations of cells was controlled. Differences across plates due to slight differences in growth rates were controlled by normalization of cell numbers across plates and occurred 3 passages after the rearray. Populations of cells that are outliers were detected and eliminated.

The cells were maintained for 3 to 6 weeks to allow for their in vitro evolution under these conditions. During this time, we observed size, morphology, tendency towards microconfluency, fragility, response to trypsinization and average circularity post-trypsinization, or other aspects of cell maintenance such as adherence to culture plate surfaces and resistance to blow-off upon fluid addition.

Populations of cells were tested using functional criteria. The Direct Cyclic GMP Enzyme Immunoassay Kit (Cat. 900-014; AssayDesigns, Inc.) was used according to manufacturer's instructions: (http://www.assaydesigns.com/objects/catalog//product/extras/900-014.pdf). Cells were tested at 4 different densities in 96- or 384-well plates and responses were analyzed. The following conditions were used for the GC-C-expressing cell lines of the invention:

Clone screening: 1:2 and 1:3 splits of confluent 96-well plates 48 hour prior to assay, 30 minutes guanylin treatment.

Dose-response studies: densities of 20,000, 40,000, 60,000, 80,000, 120,000 and 160,000 per well, 30 minutes guanylin treatment (see Example 9).

Z′ studies: densities of 160,000 and 200,000 per well were used, 30 minutes guanylin treatment (see Example 10).

The functional responses from experiments performed at low and higher passage numbers were compared to identify cells with the most consistent responses over defined periods of time, ranging from 4 to 10 weeks. Other characteristics of the cells that changed over time were also noted.

Populations of cells meeting functional and other criteria were further evaluated to determine those most amenable to production of viable, stable and functional cell lines. Selected populations of cells were expanded in larger tissue culture vessels, and the characterization steps described above were continued or repeated under these conditions. At this point, additional standardization steps, such as different cell densities; time of plating, length of cell culture passage; cell culture dishes format and coating; fluidics optimization, including speed and shear force; time of passage; and washing steps, were introduced for consistent and reliable passages. Also, viability of cells at each passage was determined. Manual intervention was increased, and cells were more closely observed and monitored. This information was used to help identify and select final cell lines that retain the desired properties. Final cell lines and back-up cell lines (20 clones total) were selected that showed appropriate adherence/stickiness and growth rate and even plating (lack of microconfluency) when produced following this process and under these conditions.

The initial frozen stock of 3 vials per each of the selected 20 clones was generated by expanding the non-frozen populations from the re-arrayed 96-well plates via 24-well, 6-well and 10 cm dishes in DMEM/10% FBS/HEPES/L-Glu. The low passage frozen stocks corresponding to the final cell line and back-up cell lines were thawed at 37° C., washed two times with DMEM containing FBS and incubated in the same manner. The cells were then expanded for a period of 2 to 4 weeks. Two final clones were selected.

One vial from one clone of the initial freeze was thawed and expanded in culture. The resulting cells were tested to confirm that they met the same characteristics for which they were originally selected. Cell banks for each cell line consisting of 20 to over 100 vials may be established.

The following step can also be conducted to confirm that the cell lines are viable, stable and functional: At least one vial from the cell bank is thawed and expanded in culture; the resulting cells are tested to determine if they meet the same characteristics for which they were originally selected.

Example 9 Characterizing the Cell Lines for Native GC-C Function

A competitive ELISA for detection of cGMP was used to characterize native GC-C function in the produced GC-C-expressing cell line. Cells expressing GC-C were maintained under standard cell culture conditions in Dulbecco's Modified Eagles medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, glutamine and HEPES and grown in T175 cm flasks. For the ELISA, the cells were plated into coated 96-well plates (poly-D-lysine).

Cell Treatment and Cell Lysis Protocol

Cells were washed twice with serum-free medium and incubated with 1 mM IBMX for 30 minutes. Desired activators (i.e., guanylin, 0.001-40 μM) were then added to the cells and incubated for 30-40 minutes. Supernatant was removed, and the cells were washed with TBS buffer. The cells were lysed with 0.1 N HCl. This was followed by lysis with 0.1 N HCl and a freeze/thaw cycle at −20° C./room temperature. Defrosted lysates (samples were spun in Eppendorf tubes at 10,000 rpm) were centrifuged to pellet cell debris. The cleared supernatant lysate was then transferred to ELISA plates.

ELISA Protocol

All of the following steps were performed at room temperature, unless otherwise indicated. ELISA plates were coated with anti-IgG antibodies in coating buffer (Na-carbonate/bi-carbonate buffer, 0.1 M final, pH 9.6) overnight at 4° C. Plates were then washed with wash buffer (TBS-Tween 20, 0.05%), followed by blocking reagent addition. Incubation for 1 hour with blocking reagent at 37° C. was followed by a wash of the plates with wash buffer. A rabbit anti-cGMP polyclonal antibody (Chemicon) was then added, followed by incubation for 1 hour and a subsequent wash with wash buffer. Cell lysate was then added, and incubated for 1 hour before the subsequent addition of a cGMP-biotin conjugate (1 and 10 nM of 8-Biotin-AET-cGMP (Biolog)). Plates were incubated for 2 hours and then washed with wash buffer. Streptavidin-alkaline phosphate was then added and incubated for 1 hour, then washed with wash buffer. Plates were incubated for at least 1 hour (preferably 2-5 hours) with PNPP substrate (Sigma). The absorbance was then read at 405 nm on a SAFIRE²™ plate reader (Tecan).

Maximum absorbance was seen when no cell lysate was used in the ELISA (Control). Reduction in absorbance (corresponding to increased cGMP levels) was observed with cell lysate from the produced GC-C-expressing cell line treated with 100 nM guanylin (Clone).

The cGMP level in the produced GC-C-expressing cell line treated with 100 nM guanylin was also compared to that of parental cell line control samples not expressing GC-C (not shown) using the Direct Cyclic GMP Enzyme Immunoassay Kit (Cat. 900-014; AssayDesigns, Inc.). The GC-C-expressing cell line showed a greater reduction in absorbance (corresponding to increased cGMP levels) than parental cells treated and untreated with guanylin.

For guanylin dose-response experiments, cells of the produced GC-C-expressing cell line, plated at densities of 20,000, 40,000, 60,000, 80,000, 120,000 and 160,000 cells/well in a 96-well plate, were challenged with increasing concentration of guanylin for 30 minutes. The cellular response (i.e., absorbance) as a function of changes in cGMP levels (as measured using the Direct Cyclic GMP Enzyme Immunoassay Kit (Cat. 900-014; AssayDesigns, Inc.) was detected using a SAFIRE²™ plate reader (Tecan). Data were then plotted as a function of guanylin concentration and analyzed using non-linear regression analysis using GraphPad Prism 5.0 software, resulting in an EC₅₀ value of 1.1 nM. The produced GC-C-expressing cell line shows a higher level of cGMP (6 μmol/ml) when treated with low concentrations of guanylin in comparison to that previously reported in other cell lines (3.5 μmol/ml) (Forte et al., Endocr. 140(4):1800-1806 (1999)), indicating the potency of the clone.

Example 10 Generation of GC-C-Expressing Cell Line Z′ Value

Z′ for the produced GC-C-expressing cell line was calculated using a direct competitive ELISA assay. The ELISA was performed using the Direct Cyclic GMP Enzyme Immunoassay Kit (Cat. 900-014; AssayDesigns, Inc.). Specifically, for the Z′ assay, 24 positive control wells in a 96-well assay plate (plated at a density of 160,000 or 200,000 cells/well) were challenged with a GC-C activating cocktail of 40 μM guanylin and IBMX in DMEM media for 30 minutes. Considering the volume and surface area of the 96-well assay plate, this amount of guanylin created a concentration comparable to the 10 μM used by Forte et al. (1999) Endocr. 140(4), 1800-1806. An equal number of wells containing clonal cells in DMEM/IMBX were challenged with vehicle alone (in the absence of activator). Absorbance (corresponding to cGMP levels) in the two conditions was monitored using a SAFIRE²™ plate reader (Tecan). Mean and standard deviations in the two conditions were calculated and Z′ was computed using the method of Zhang et al., J Biomol Screen, 4(2):67-73 (1999)). The Z′ value of the produced GC-C-expressing cell line was determined to be 0.72.

Example 11 Short-Circuit Current Measurements

Using chamber experiments are performed 7-14 days after plating GC-C-expressing cells (primary or immortalized epithelial cells, for example, lung, intestinal, mammary, uterine, or renal) on culture inserts (Snapwell, Corning Life Sciences). Cells on culture inserts are rinsed, mounted in an Using type apparatus (EasyMount Chamber System, Physiologic Instruments) and bathed with continuously gassed Ringer solution (5% CO₂ in O₂, pH 7.4) maintained at 37° C. containing (in mM) 120 NaCl, 25 NaHCO₃, 3.3 KH₂PO₄, 0.8 K₂HPO₄, 1.2 CaCl₂, 1.2 MgCl₂, and 10 glucose. The hemichambers are connected to a multichannel voltage and current clamp (VCC-MC8, Physiologic Instruments). Electrodes [agar bridged (4% in 1 M KCl) Ag-AgCl] are used, and the inserts are voltage clamped to 0 mV. Transepithelial current, voltage and resistance are measured every 10 seconds for the duration of the experiment. Membranes with a resistance of <200 mOhms are discarded. This secondary assay can provide confirmation that in the appropriate cell type (i.e., cell that form tight junctions) the introduced GC-C is altering CFTR activity and modulating a transepithelial current.

Example 12 Generating a Stable CFTR-Expressing Cell Line Generating Expression Constructs

Plasmid expression vectors that allowed streamlined cloning were generated based on pCMV-SCRIPT (Stratagene) and contained various necessary components for transcription and translation of a gene of interest, including: CMV and SV40 eukaryotic promoters; SV40 and HSV-TK polyadenylation sequences; multiple cloning sites; Kozak sequences; and drug resistance cassettes.

Generating Cell Lines Step 1: Transfection

CHO cells were transfected with a plasmid encoding a human CFTR (SEQ ID NO: CFTR1) using standard techniques. (Examples of reagents that may be used to introduce nucleic acids into host cells include, but are not limited to, LIPOFECTAMINE™, LIPOFECTAMINE™2000, OLIGOFECTAMINE™, TFX™ reagents, FUGENE®6, DOTAP/DOPE, Metafectine or FECTURIN™.)

Although drug selection is optional to produce the cells or cell lines of this invention, we included one drug resistance marker in the plasmid (i.e., puromycin). The CFTR sequence was under the control of the CMV promoter. An untranslated sequence encoding a CFTR Target Sequence for detection by a signaling probe was also present along with the sequence encoding the drug resistance marker. The target sequence utilized was CFTR Target Sequence 1 (SEQ ID NO: CFTR2), and in this example, the CFTR gene-containing vector comprised CFTR Target Sequence 1 (SEQ ID NO: CFTR2).

Step 2: Selection

Transfected cells were grown for 2 days in Ham's F12-FBS media without antibiotics, followed by 10 days in 12.5 μg/ml puromycin-containing Ham's F12-FBS media. The cells were then transferred to Ham's F12-FBS media without antibiotics for the remainder of the time, prior to the addition of the signaling probe.

Step 3: Cell Passaging

Following enrichment on antibiotic, cells were passaged 5-14 times in the absence of antibiotic selection to allow time for expression that was not stable over the selected period of time to subside.

Step 4: Exposure of Cells to Fluorogenic Probes

Cells were harvested and transfected with CFTR Signaling Probe 1 (SEQ ID NO: CFTR3) using standard techniques. (Examples of reagents that may be used to introduce nucleic acids into host cells include, but are not limited to, LIPOFECTAMINE™, LIPOFECTAMINE™2000, OLIGOFECTAMINE™, TFX™ reagents, FUGENE®6, DOTAP/DOPE, Metafectine or FECTURIN™.) CFTR Signaling Probe 1 (SEQ ID NO: CFTR3) bound CFTR Target Sequence 1 (SEQ ID NO: CFTR2). The cells were then collected for analysis and sorted using a fluorescence activated cell sorter.

Target Sequence Detected by Signaling Probe

CFTR Target Sequence 1 5′-GTTCTTAAGGCACAGGAACTGGGAC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: CFTR2)

Signaling Probe

Supplied as 100 μM stock

CFTR Signaling probe 1 (SEQ ID NO: CFTR3) 5′-Cy5 GCCAGTCCCAGTTCCTGTGCCTTAAGAACCTCGC BHQ2-3′

In addition, a similar probe using a Quasar® Dye (BioSearch) with spectral properties similar to Cy5 was used in certain experiments. In some experiments, 5-MedC and 2-amino dA mixmers were used rather than DNA probes. A non-targeting FAM labeled probe was also used as a loading control.

Step 5: Isolation of Positive Cells

The cells were dissociated and collected for analysis and sorting using a fluorescence activated cell sorter. Standard analytical methods were used to gate cells fluorescing above background and to isolate individual cells falling within the gate into bar-coded 96-well plates. The following gating hierarchy was used: coincidence gate→singlets gate→live gate→Sort gate in plot FAM vs. Cy5: 0.1-0.4% of cells.

Step 6: Additional Cycles of Steps 1-5 and/or 3-5

Steps 1-5 and/or 3-5 were repeated to obtain a greater number of cells. Two rounds of steps 1-5 were performed, and for each of these rounds, two internal cycles of steps 3-5 were performed.

Step 7: Estimation of Growth Rates for the Populations of Cells

The plates were transferred to a Microlab Star (Hamilton Robotics). Cells were incubated for 9 days in 100 μl of 1:1 mix of fresh complete growth media and 2 to 3 day-conditioned growth media, supplemented with 100 units/ml penicillin and 0.1 mg/ml streptomycin. Then the cells were dispersed by trypsinization once or twice to minimize clumps and later transferred to new 96-well plates. Plates were imaged to determine confluency of wells (Genetix). Each plate was focused for reliable image acquisition across the plate. Reported confluencies of greater than 70% were not relied upon. Confluency measurements were obtained on consecutive days between days 1 and 10 post-dispersal and used to calculate growth rates.

Step 8: Binning Populations of Cells According to Growth Rate Estimates

Cells were binned (independently grouped and plated as a cohort) according to growth rate less than two weeks following the dispersal step in step 7. Each of the three growth bins was separated into individual 96 well plates; some growth bins resulted in more than one 96 well plate. Bins were calculated by considering the spread of growth rates and bracketing a high percentage of the total number of populations of cells. Bins were calculated to capture 12-16 hour differences in growth rate.

Cells can have doubling times from less 1 day to more than 2 week. In order to process the most diverse clones that at the same time can be reasonably binned according to growth rate, it may be preferable to use 3-9 bins with a 0.25 to 0.7 day doubling time per bin. One skilled in the art will appreciate that the tightness of the bins and number of bins can be adjusted for the particular situation and that the tightness and number of bins can be further adjusted if cells are synchronized for their cell cycle.

Step 9: Replica Plating to Speed Parallel Processing and Provide Stringent Quality Control

The plates were incubated under standardized and fixed conditions (i.e., Ham's F12-FBS media, 37° C./5% CO2) without antibiotics. The plates of cells were split to produce 4 sets of 96 well plates (3 sets for freezing, 1 set for assay and passage). Distinct and independent tissue culture reagents, incubators, personnel, and carbon dioxide sources were used for each of the sets of the plates. Quality control steps were taken to ensure the proper production and quality of all tissue culture reagents: each component added to each bottle of media prepared for use was added by one designated person in one designated hood with only that reagent in the hood while a second designated person monitored to avoid mistakes. Conditions for liquid handling were set to eliminate cross contamination across wells. Fresh tips were used for all steps or stringent tip washing protocols were used. Liquid handling conditions were set for accurate volume transfer, efficient cell manipulation, washing cycles, pipetting speeds and locations, number of pipetting cycles for cell dispersal, and relative position of tip to plate.

Step 10: Freezing Early Passage Stocks of Populations of Cells

Three sets of plates were frozen at −70 to −80° C. Plates in the set were first allowed to attain confluencies of 70 to 100%. Medium was aspirated and 90% FBS and 10% DMSO was added. The plates were individually sealed with Parafilm, individually surrounded by 1 to 5 cm of foam, and then placed into a −80° C. freezer.

Step 11: Methods and Conditions for Initial Transformative Steps to Produce Viable, Stable and Functional (VSF) Cell Lines

The remaining set of plates was maintained as described in step 9. All cell splitting was performed using automated liquid handling steps, including media removal, cell washing, trypsin addition and incubation, quenching and cell dispersal steps.

Step 12: Normalization Methods to Correct any Remaining Variability of Growth Rates

The consistency and standardization of cell and culture conditions for all populations of cells was controlled. Differences across plates due to slight differences in growth rates were controlled by normalization of cell numbers across plates and occurred every 8 passages after the rearray. Populations of cells that were outliers were detected and eliminated.

Step 13: Characterization of Population of Cells

The cells were maintained for 6 to 10 weeks post rearray in culture to allow for their in vitro evolution under these conditions. During this time, we observed size, morphology, tendency towards microconfluency, fragility, response to trypsinization and average circularity post-trypsinization, or other aspects of cell maintenance such as adherence to culture plate surfaces and resistance to blow-off upon fluid addition.

Step 14: Assessment of Potential Functionality of Populations of Cells Under VSF Conditions

Populations of cells were tested using functional criteria. Membrane potential dye kits (Molecular Devices, MDS) were used according to manufacturer's instructions.

Cells were tested at varying densities in 384-well plates (i.e., 12.5×10³ to 20×10³ cells/per well) and responses were analyzed. Time between cell plating and assay read was tested. Dye concentration was also tested. Dose response curves and Z′ scores were both calculated as part of the assessment of potential functionality.

The following steps (i.e., steps 15-18) can also be conducted to select final and back-up viable, stable and functional cell lines.

Step 15:

The functional responses from experiments performed at low and higher passage numbers are compared to identify cells with the most consistent responses over defined periods of time (e.g., 3-9 weeks). Other characteristics of the cells that change over time are also noted.

Step 16:

Populations of cells meeting functional and other criteria are further evaluated to determine those most amenable to production of viable, stable and functional cell lines. Selected populations of cells are expanded in larger tissue culture vessels and the characterization steps described above are continued or repeated under these conditions. At this point, additional standardization steps, such as different cell densities; time of plating, length of cell culture passage; cell culture dishes format and coating; fluidics optimization, including speed and shear force; time of passage; and washing steps, are introduced for consistent and reliable passages.

In addition, viability of cells at each passage is determined. Manual intervention is increased and cells are more closely observed and monitored. This information is used to help identify and select final cell lines that retain the desired properties. Final cell lines and back-up cell lines are selected that show appropriate adherence/stickiness, growth rate, and even plating (lack of microconfluency) when produced following this process and under these conditions.

Step 17: Establishment of Cell Banks

The low passage frozen stocks corresponding to the final cell line and back-up cell lines are thawed at 37° C., washed two times with Ham's F12-FBS and then incubated in Ham's F12-FBS. The cells are then expanded for a period of 2 to 4 weeks. Cell banks of clones for each final and back-up cell line are established, with 25 vials for each clonal cells being cryopreserved.

Step 18:

At least one vial from the cell bank is thawed and expanded in culture. The resulting cells are tested to determine if they meet the same characteristics for which they are originally selected.

Example 13 Characterizing Stable Cell Lines for Native CFTR Function

We used a high-throughput compatible fluorescence membrane potential assay to characterize native CFTR function in the produced stable CFTR-expressing cell lines.

CHO cell lines stably expressing CFTR were maintained under standard cell culture conditions in Ham's F12 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and glutamine. On the day before assay, the cells were harvested from stock plates and plated into black clear-bottom 384 well assay plates. The assay plates were maintained in a 37° C. cell culture incubator under 5% CO₂ for 22-24 hours. The media was then removed from the assay plates and blue membrane potential dye (Molecular Devices Inc.) diluted in loading buffer (137 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 1.25 mM CaCl₂, 25 mM HEPES, 10 mM glucose) was added and allowed to incubate for 1 hour at 37° C. The assay plates were then loaded on a fluorescent plate reader (Hamamatsu FDSS) and a cocktail of forskolin and IBMX dissolved in compound buffer (137 mM sodium gluconate, 5 mM potassium gluconate, 1.25 mM CaCl₂, 25 mM HEPES, 10 mM glucose) was added.

Representative data from the fluorescence membrane potential assay showed that the ion flux attributable to functional CFTR in stable CFTR-expressing CHO cell lines (cell line 1, M11, J5, E15, and 015) were all higher than control cells lacking CFTR as indicated by the assay response.

The ion flux attributable to functional CFTR in stable CFTR-expressing CHO cell lines (cell line 1, M11, J5, E15, and O15) were also all higher than transiently CFTR-transfected CHO cells. The transiently CFTR-transfected cells were generated by plating CHO cells at 5-16 million per 10 cm tissue culture dish and incubating them for 18-20 hours before transfection. A transfection complex consisting of lipid transfection reagent and plasmids encoding CFTR was directly added to each dish. The cells were then incubated at 37° C. in a CO₂ incubator for 6-12 hours. After incubation, the cells were lifted, plated into black clear-bottom 384 well assay plates, and assayed for function using the above-described fluorescence membrane potential assay.

For forskolin dose-response experiments, cells of the produced stable CFTR-expressing cell lines, plated at a density of 15,000 cells/well in a 384-well plate were challenged with increasing concentration of forskolin, a known CFTR agonist. The cellular response as a function of changes in cell fluorescence was monitored over time by a fluorescent plate reader (Hamamatsu FDSS). Data were then plotted as a function of forskolin concentration and analyzed using non-linear regression analysis using GraphPad Prism 5.0 software, resulting in an EC₅₀ of 256 nM. The produced CFTR-expressing cell line shows a EC₅₀ value of forskolin within the ranges of EC₅₀ if forskolin previously reported in other cell lines (between 250 and 500 nM) (Galietta et al., Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 281(5): C1734-1742 (2001)), indicating the potency of the clone.

Example 14 Determination of Z′ Value for CFTR Cell-Based Assay

Z′ value for the produced stable CFTR-expressing cell line was calculated using a high-throughput compatible fluorescence membrane potential assay. The fluorescence membrane potential assay protocol was performed substantially according to the protocol in Example 13. Specifically for the Z′ assay, 24 positive control wells in a 384-well assay plate (plated at a density of 15,000 cells/well) were challenged with a CFTR activating cocktail of forskolin and IBMX. An equal number of wells were challenged with vehicle alone and containing DMSO (in the absence of activators). Cell responses in the two conditions were monitored using a fluorescent plate reader (Hamamatsu FDSS). Mean and standard deviations in the two conditions were calculated and Z′ was computed using the method disclosed in Zhang et al., J Biomol Screen, 4(2): 67-73, (1999). The Z′ value of the produced stable CFTR-expressing cell line was determined to be higher than or equal to 0.82.

Example 15 High-Throughput Screening and Identification of CFTR Modulators

A high-throughput compatible fluorescence membrane potential assay is used to screen and identify CFTR modulator. On the day before assay, the cells are harvested from stock plates into growth media without antibiotics and plated into black clear-bottom 384 well assay plates. The assay plates are maintained in a 37° C. cell culture incubator under 5% CO₂ for 19-24 hours. The media is then removed from the assay plates and blue membrane potential dye (Molecular Devices Inc.) diluted in load buffer (137 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 1.25 mM CaCl₂, 25 mM HEPES, 10 mM glucose) is added and the cells are incubated for 1 hr at 37° C. Test compounds are solubilized in dimethylsulfoxide, diluted in assay buffer (137 mM sodium gluconate, 5 mM potassium gluconate, 1.25 mM CaCl₂, 25 mM HEPES, 10 mM glucose) and then loaded into 384 well polypropylene micro-titer plates. The cell and compound plates are loaded into a fluorescent plate reader (Hamamatsu FDSS) and run for 3 minutes to identify test compound activity. The instrument will then add a forskolin solution at a concentration of 300 nM-1 μM to the cells to allow either modulator or blocker activity of the previously added compounds to be observed. The activity of the compound is determined by measuring the change in fluorescence produced following the addition of the test compounds to the cells and/or following the subsequent agonist addition.

Example 16 Characterizing Stable CFTR-Expressing Cell Lines for Native CFTR Function Using Short-Circuit Current Measurements

Using chamber experiments are performed 7-14 days after plating CFTR-expressing cells (primary or immortalized epithelial cells including but not limited to lung and intestinal) on culture inserts (Snapwell, Corning Life Sciences). Cells on culture inserts are rinsed, mounted in an Using type apparatus (EasyMount Chamber System, Physiologic Instruments) and bathed with continuously gassed Ringer solution (5% CO₂ in O₂, pH 7.4) maintained at 37° C. containing 120 mM NaCl, 25 mM NaHCO₃, 3.3 mM KH₂PO₄, 0.8 mM K₂HPO₄, 1.2 mM CaCl₂, 1.2 mM MgCl₂, and 10 mM glucose. The hemichambers are connected to a multichannel voltage and current clamp (VCC-MC8 Physiologic Instruments). Electrodes [agar bridged (4% in 1 M KCl) Ag-AgCl] are used and the inserts are voltage clamped to 0 mV. Transepithelial current, voltage and resistance are measured every 10 seconds for the duration of the experiment. Membranes with a resistance of <200 mΩs are discarded.

Example 17 Characterizing Stable CFTR-expressing Cell Lines for Native CFTR Function Using Electrophysiological Assay

While both manual and automated electrophysiology assays have been developed and both can be applied to assay this system, described below is the protocol for manual patch clamp experiments.

Cells are seeded at low densities and are used 2-4 days after plating. Borosilicate glass pipettes are fire-polished to obtain tip resistances of 2-4 mega Ω. Currents are sampled and low pass filtered. The extracellular (bath) solution contains: 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM CaCl₂, 1 mM MgCl₂, 10 mM glucose, 10 mM mannitol, and 10 mM TES, pH 7.4. The pipette solution contains: 120 mM CsCl, 1 mM MgCl₂, 10 mM TEA-Cl, 0.5 mM EGTA, 1 mM Mg-ATP, and 10 mM HEPES (pH 7.3). Membrane conductances are monitored by alternating the membrane potential between −80 mV and −100 mV. Current-voltage relationships are generated by applying voltage pulses between −100 mV and +100 mV in 20-mV steps.

Example 18 Generating a Stable NaV 1.7 Heterotrimer-Expressing Cell Line Generating Expression Constructs

Plasmid expression vectors that allowed streamlined cloning were generated based on pCMV-SCRIPT (Stratagene) and contained various necessary components for transcription and translation of a gene of interest, including: CMV and SV40 eukaryotic promoters; SV40 and HSV-TK polyadenylation sequences; multiple cloning sites; Kozak sequences; and Neomycin/Kanamycin resistance cassettes (or Ampicillin, Hygromycin, Puromycin, Zeocin resistance cassettes).

Generation of Cell Lines Step 1: Transfection

293T cells were cotransfected with three separate plasmids, one encoding a human NaV 1.7 α subunit (SEQ ID NO: NAV-1), one encoding a human NaV 1.7 β1 subunit (SEQ ID NO: NAV-2) and one encoding a human NaV 1.7 β2 subunit (SEQ ID NO: NAV-3), using standard techniques. (Examples of reagents that may be used to introduce nucleic acids into host cells include, but are not limited to, LIPOFECTAMINE™, LIPOFECTAMINE™2000, OLIGOFECTAMINE™, TFX™ reagents, FUGENE®6, DOTAP/DOPE, Metafectine or FECTURIN™.)

Although drug selection is optional to produce the cells or cell lines of this invention, we included one drug resistance marker per plasmid. The sequences were under the control of the CMV promoter. An untranslated sequence encoding a NaV Target Sequence for detection by a signaling probe was also present along with the sequence encoding the drug resistance marker. The NaV Target Sequences utilized were NaV Target Sequence 1 (SEQ ID NO: NAV-4), NaV Target Sequence 2 (SEQ ID NO: NAV-5) and NaV Target Sequence 3 (SEQ ID NO: NAV-6). In this example, the NaV 1.7 α subunit gene-containing vector comprised NaV Target Sequence 1 (SEQ ID NO: NAV-4); the NaV 1.7 β1 subunit gene-containing vector comprised NaV Target Sequence 2 (SEQ ID NO: NAV-5); and the NaV 1.7 β2 subunit gene-containing vector comprised NaV Target Sequence 3 (SEQ ID NO: NAV-6).

Step 2: Selection

Transfected cells were grown for 2 days in DMEM-FBS media, followed by 10 days in antibiotic-containing DMEM-FBS media. During the antibiotic containing period, antibiotics were added to the media as follows: puromycin (0.1 μg/ml), hygromycin (100 μg/ml), and zeocin (200 μg/ml).

Step 3: Cell Passaging

Following enrichment on antibiotic, cells were passaged 6-18 times in the absence of antibiotic selection to allow time for expression that was not stable over the selected period of time to subside.

Step 4: Exposure of Cells to Fluorogenic Probes

Cells were harvested and transfected with signaling probes (SEQ ID NOS: NaV-7, NaV-8, NaV-9) using standard techniques. (Examples of reagents that may be used to introduce nucleic acids into host cells include, but are not limited to, LIPOFECTAMINE™, LIPOFECTAMINE™2000, OLIGOFECTAMINE™, TFX™ reagents, FUGENE®6, DOTAP/DOPE, Metafectine or FECTURIN™.)

NaV Signaling Probe 1(SEQ ID NO: NAV-7) bound NaV Target Sequence 1 (SEQ ID NO: NAV-4); NaV Signaling Probe 2 (SEQ ID NO: NAV-8) bound NaV Target Sequence 2 (SEQ ID NO: NAV-5); and NaV Signaling Probe 3 (SEQ ID NO: NAV-9) bound NaV Target Sequence 3 (SEQ ID NO: NAV-6). The cells were then dissociated and collected for analysis and sorted using a fluorescence activated cell sorter.

Target Sequences Detected by Signaling Probes

The following tag sequences were used for the NaV 1.7 subunit transgenes.

NaV Target Sequence 1 (SEQ ID NO: NAV-4) 5′-GTTCTTAAGGCACAGGAACTGGGAC-3′ (NaV 1.7 α subunit) NaV Target Sequence 2 (SEQ ID NO: NAV-5) 5′-GAAGTTAACCCTGTCGTTCTGCGAC-3′ (NaV 1.7 β1 subunit) NaV Target Sequence 3 (SEQ ID NO: NAV-6) 5′-GTTCTATAGGGTCTGCTTGTCGCTC-3′ (NaV 1.7 β2 subunit)

Signaling Probes

Supplied as 100 μM stocks.

NaV Signaling probe 1 - This probe binds target sequence 1. (SEQ ID NO: NAV-7) 5′-Cy5 GCCAGTCCCAGTTCCTGTGCCTTAAGAACCTCGC BHQ3 quench-3′ NaV Signaling probe 2 - This probe binds target sequence 2. (SEQ ID NO: NAV-8) 5′-Cy5.5 CGAGTCGCAGAACGACAGGGTTAACTTCCTCGC BHQ3 quench-3′ NaV Signaling probe 3 - This probe binds target sequence 3. (SEQ ID NO: NAV-9) 5′-Fam CGAGAGCGACAAGCAGACCCTATAGAACCTCGC BHQ1 quench-3′

BHQ3 in NaV Signaling probes 1 and 2 can be replaced by BHQ2 or gold particle. BHQ1 in NaV Signaling probe 3 can be replaced by BHQ2, gold particle, or DABCYL.

In addition, a similar probe using a Quasar® Dye (BioSearch) with spectral properties similar to Cy5 was used in certain experiments. In some experiments, 5-MedC and 2-amino dA mixmer probes were used rather than DNA probes.

Step 5: Isolation of Positive Cells

Standard analytical methods were used to gate cells fluorescing above background and to isolate cells falling within the defined gate directly into 96-well plates. Flow cytometric cell sorting was operated such that a single cell was deposited per well. After selection, the cells were expanded in media lacking drug. The following gating hierarchy was used: coincidence gate→singlets gate→live gate→Sort gate in plot FAM vs. Cy5: 0.1-1.0% of live cells.

Step 6: Additional Cycles of Steps 1-5 and/or 3-5

Steps 1-5 and/or 3-5 were repeated to obtain a greater number of cells. At least four independent rounds of steps 1-5 were completed, and for each of these cycles, at least two internal cycles of steps 3-5 were performed for each independent round.

Step 7: Estimation of Growth Rates for the Populations of Cells

The plates were transferred to a Microlabstar automated liquid handler (Hamilton Robotics). Cells were incubated for 5-7 days in a 1:1 mix of fresh complete growth medium (DMEM/10% FBS) and 2-3 day conditioned growth medium, supplemented with 100 units/ml penicillin and 0.1 mg/ml streptomycin. Then the cells were dispersed by trypsinization to minimize clumps and transferred to new 96-well plates. After the clones were dispersed, plates were imaged to determine confluency of wells (Genetix). Each plate was focused for reliable image acquisition across the plate. Reported confluencies of greater than 70% were not relied upon. Confluency measurements were obtained at days every 3 times over 9 days (i.e, between days 1 and 10 post-dispersal) and used to calculate growth rates.

Step 8: Binning Populations of Cells According to Growth Rate Estimates

Cells were binned (independently grouped and plated as a cohort) according to growth rate between 10-11 days following the dispersal step in step 7. Bins were independently collected and plated on individual 96 well plates for downstream handling; some growth bins resulted in more than one 96-well plate. Bins were calculated by considering the spread of growth rates and bracketing a high percentage of the total number of populations of cells. Depending on the sort iteration described in Step 5, between 5 and 9 growth bins were used with a partition of 1-4 days. Therefore, each bin corresponded to a growth rate or population doubling time between 8 and 14.4 hours depending on the iteration.

Cells can have doubling times from less 1 day to more than 2 weeks. In order to process the most diverse clones that at the same time can be reasonably binned according to growth rate, it is preferable to use 3-9 bins with a 0.25 to 0.7 day doubling time per bin. One skilled in the art will appreciate that the tightness of the bins and number of bins can be adjusted for the particular situation and that the tightness and number of bins can be further adjusted if cells are synchronized for their cell cycle.

Step 9: Replica Plating to Speed Parallel Processing and Provide Stringent Quality Control

The plates were incubated under standard and fixed conditions (humidified 37° C., 5% CO2) in antibiotics-free DMEM-10% FBS media. The plates of cells were split to produce 4 sets of target plates. These 4 sets of plates comprised all plates with all growth bins to ensure there were 4 replicates of the initial set. Up to 3 target plate sets were committed for cryopreservation (described in step 10), and the remaining set was scaled and further replica plated for passage and functional assay experiments. Distinct and independent tissue culture reagents, incubators, personnel, and carbon dioxide sources were used for downstream replica plates. Quality control steps were taken to ensure the proper production and quality of all tissue culture reagents: each component added to each bottle of media prepared for use was added by one designated person in one designated hood with only that reagent in the hood while a second designated person monitored to avoid mistakes. Conditions for liquid handling were set to eliminate cross contamination across wells. Fresh tips were used for all steps, or stringent tip washing protocols were used. Liquid handling conditions were set for accurate volume transfer, efficient cell manipulation, washing cycles, pipetting speeds and locations, number of pipetting cycles for cell dispersal, and relative position of tip to plate.

Step 10: Freezing Early Passage Stocks of Populations of Cells

Three sets of plates were frozen at −70 to −80° C. Plates in each set were first allowed to attain confluencies of 70 to 80%. Medium was aspirated and 90% FBS and 5%-10% DMSO was added. The plates were sealed with Parafilm, individually surrounded by 1 to 5 cm of foam, and then placed into a −80° C. freezer.

Step 11: Methods and Conditions for Initial Transformative Steps to Produce Viable, Stable and Functional (VSF) Cell Lines

The remaining set of plates was maintained as described in step 9. All cell splitting was performed using automated liquid handling steps, including media removal, cell washing, trypsin addition and incubation, quenching and cell dispersal steps. For some assay plating steps, cells were dissociated with cell dissociation buffer (e.g., CDB, Invitrogen or CellStripper, CellGro) rather than trypsin.

Step 12: Normalization Methods to Correct any Remaining Variability of Growth Rates

The consistency and standardization of cell and culture conditions for all populations of cells was controlled. Differences across plates due to slight differences in growth rates were controlled by periodic normalization of cell numbers across plates every 2 to 8 passages. Populations of cells that were outliers were detected and eliminated.

Step 13: Characterization of Population of Cells

The cells were maintained for 3 to 8 weeks to allow for their in vitro evolution under these conditions. During this time, we observed size, morphology, fragility, response to trypsinization or dissociation, roundness/average circularity post-dissociation, percentage viability, tendency towards microconfluency, or other aspects of cell maintenance such as adherence to culture plate surfaces.

Step 14: Assessment of Potential Functionality of Populations of Cells Under VSF Conditions

Populations of cells were tested using functional criteria. Membrane potential assay kits (Molecular Devices/MDS) were used according to manufacturer's instructions. Cells were tested at multiple different densities in 96- or 384-well plates and responses were analyzed. A variety of post-plating time points were used, e.g., 12-48 hours post plating. Different densities of plating were also tested for assay response differences.

Step 15:

The functional responses from experiments performed at low and higher passage numbers were compared to identify cells with the most consistent responses over defined periods of time, ranging from 3 to 9 weeks. Other characteristics of the cells that changed over time were also noted.

Step 16:

Populations of cells meeting functional and other criteria were further evaluated to determine those most amenable to production of viable, stable and functional cell lines. Selected populations of cells were expanded in larger tissue culture vessels and the characterization steps described above were continued or repeated under these conditions. At this point, additional standardization steps, such as different plating cell densities; time of passage; culture dish size/format and coating); fluidics optimization; cell dissociation optimization (e.g., type, volume used, and length of time); and washing steps, were introduced for consistent and reliable passages. Temperature differences were also used for standardization (i.e., 30° C. vs 37° C.).

In addition, viability of cells at each passage was determined. Manual intervention was increased and cells were more closely observed and monitored. This information was used to help identify and select final cell lines that retained the desired properties. Final cell lines and back-up cell lines were selected that showed consistent growth, appropriate adherence, and functional response.

Step 17: Establishment of Cell Banks

The low passage frozen plates described above corresponding to the final cell line and back-up cell lines were thawed at 37° C., washed two times with DMEM-10% FBS and incubated in humidified 37° C./5% CO2 conditions. The cells were then expanded for a period of 2-3 weeks. Cell banks for each final and back-up cell line consisting of 15-20 vials were established.

Step 18:

The following step can also be conducted to confirm that the cell lines are viable, stable, and functional. At least one vial from the cell bank is thawed and expanded in culture. The resulting cells are tested to determine if they meet the same characteristics for which they were originally selected.

Example 19 Characterizing Relative Expression of Heterologous NaV 1.7 Subunits in Stable NaV 1.7-Expressing Cell Lines

Quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to determine the relative expression of the heterologous human NaV 1.7 α, β1, and β2 subunits in the produced stable NaV 1.7-expressing cell lines. Total RNA was purified from 1-3×10⁶ mammalian cells using an RNA extraction kit (RNeasy Mini Kit, Qiagen). DNase treatment was done according to rigorous DNase treatment protocol (TURBO DNA-free Kit, Ambion). First strand cDNA synthesis was performed using a reverse transcriptase kit (SuperScript III, Invitrogen) in 20 μL reaction volume with 1 μg DNA-free total RNA and 250 ng Random Primers (Invitrogen). Samples without reverse transcriptase and sample without RNA were used as negative controls for this reaction. Synthesis was done in a thermal cycler (Mastercycler, Eppendorf) at the following conditions: 5 min at 25° C., 60 min at 50° C.; reaction termination was conducted for 15 min at 70° C.

For analysis of gene expression, primers and probes for qRT-PCR (MGB TaqMan probes, Applied Biosystems) were designed to specifically anneal to the target sequences (SEQ ID NOS: NaV-4, NaV-5, NaV-6). For sample normalization, control (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)) Pre-Developed Assay reagents (TaqMaN, Applied Biosystems) were used. Reactions, including negative controls and positive controls (plasmid DNA), were set up in triplicates with 40 ng of cDNA in 50 μL reaction volume. The relative amounts of each of the three NaV 1.7 subunits being expressed were determined. All three subunits were successfully expressed in the produced stable NaV 1.7-expressing cell line.

Example 20 Characterizing Stable NaV 1.7-Expressing Cell Lines for Native NaV Function Using Electrophysiological Assay

Automated patch-clamp system was used to record sodium currents from the produced stable HEK293T cell lines expressing NaV 1.7 α, β1, and β2 subunits. The following illustrated protocol can also be used for QPatch, Sophion or Patchliner, Nanion systems. The extracellular Ringer's solution contained 140 mM NaCl, 4.7 mM KCl, 2.6 mM MgCl₂, 11 mM glucose and 5 mM HEPES, pH 7.4 at room temperature. The intracellular Ringer's solution contained 120 mM CsF, 20 mM Cs-EGTA, 1 mM CaCl₂, 1 mM MgCl₂, and 10 mM HEPES, pH 7.2. Experiments were conducted at room temperature.

Cells stably expressing NaV 1.7 α, β1, and β2 subunits were grown under standard culturing protocols as described in Example 18. Cells were harvested and kept in suspension with continuous stirring for up to 4 hours with no significant change in quality or ability to patch. Electrophysiological experiment (whole-cell) was performed using the standard patch plate. The patch-clamp hole (micro-etched in the chip) is approximately 1 μm in diameter and has a resistance of ˜2 MΩ. The membrane potential was clamped to a holding potential of −100 mV.

Current-voltage relation and inactivation characteristics of voltage-gated human NaV 1.7 sodium channel stably expressed in HEK293T cells were characterized. Sodium currents were measured in response to 20 ms depolarization pulses from −80 mV to +50 mV with a holding potential of −100 mV. The resulting current-voltage (I-V) relationship for peak sodium channel currents was characterized. The activation threshold was −35 mV (midpoint of activation, Va=−24.9 mV+/−3.7 mV), and the maximal current amplitude was obtained at −10 mV. The inactivation graph for the sodium channel was plotted. The membrane potential was held at a holding potential of −100 mV, subsequently shifted to conditioning potentials ranging from −110 mV to +10 mV for 1000 ms, and finally the current was measured upon a step to 0 mV. The resulting current amplitude indicates the fraction of sodium channels in the inactivated state. At potentials more negative than −85 mV the channels were predominantly in the closed state, whereas at potentials above −50 mV they were predominantly in the inactivated state. The curve represents the Boltzmann fit from which the V_(1/2) for steady-state inactivation was estimated to be −74 mV. The current-voltage profile for the produced stable NaV 1.7-expressing cell lines is consistent with previously reported current-voltage profile (Va=−28.0 mV±1.1 mV; V_(1/2)=−71.3 mV±0.8 mV) (Sheets et al., J. Physiol. 581(Pt 3):1019-1031. (2007)).

Example 21 Characterizing Stable NaV 1.7-Expressing Cell Lines for Native NaV Function using Membrane Potential Assay

The produced stable cells expressing NaV 1.7 α, β1, and β2 subunits were maintained under standard cell culture conditions in Dulbecco's Modified Eagles medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, glutamine and HEPES. On the day before assay, the cells were harvested from stock plates using cell dissociation buffer, e.g., CDB (GIBCO) or cell-stripper (Mediatech), and plated at 10,000-25,000 cells per well in 384 well plates in growth media. The assay plates were maintained in a 37° C. cell culture incubator under 5% CO2 for 22-24 hours. The media were then removed from the assay plates and blue fluorescence membrane potential dye (Molecular Devices Inc.) diluted in load buffer (137 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 1.25 mM CaCl₂, 25 mM HEPES, 10 mM glucose) was added. The cells were incubated with blue membrane potential dye for 1 hour at 37° C. The assay plates were then loaded onto the high-throughput fluorescent plate reader (Hamamastu FDSS). The fluorescent plate reader measures cell fluorescence in images taken of the cell plate once per second and displays the data as relative florescence units.

The assay response of stable NaV 1.7-expressing cells and control cells (i.e., HEK293T parental cells) to addition of buffer and channel activators (i.e., veratridine and scorpion venom (SV)) were measured. In a first addition step (i.e., Addition 1), only buffer was added, with no test compounds added. If desired, test compounds can be added in this step. In a second addition step, veratridine and scorpion venom, which are sodium channels activators, were diluted in assay buffer to the desired concentration (i.e., 25 μM veratridine and 5-25 μg/ml scorpion venom) and added into 384 well polypropylene microtiter plates. Once bound, veratridine and scorpion venom proteins modulate the activity of voltage-gated sodium channels through a combination of mechanisms, including an alteration of the activation and inactivation kinetics. The resulted activation of sodium channels in stable NaV 1.7-expressing cells changes cells membrane potential and the fluorescent signal increases. The above-described functional assay can also be used to characterize the relative potencies of test compounds at NaV 1.7 ion channels.

Example 22 Characterizing Regulation of NaV 1.7 Alpha Subunit by Beta Subunits Regulation of Alpha Subunit Gene Expression by Beta Subunits

Pools of HEK293T cells were engineered to express various ratios of α and β subunits by manipulating the molar ratios of independent plasmid DNAs or α and control plasmids (e.g., α:β1:β2=1:1:1). After drug selection the subunits expression in six different cell pools were evaluated with qRT-PCR as described in Example 19. Comparative qRT-PCR indicated that α subunit expression in drug-selected cells detection was increased when all three human NaV 1.7 subunits (i.e., α, β1, and β2) were co-transfected in compared to only α subunit and control plasmid transfected. The presence of the β subunit transcripts affects α subunit gene expression, demonstrating the importance of co-expressing all three NaV 1.7 subunits for a physiologically relevant functional assay.

Regulation of Pharmacological Properties by Beta Subunits

A membrane potential cell-based assay was used to measure the response to test compounds of the cells stably co-expressing all three NaV 1.7 subunits (i.e., α, β1, and β2) and control cells stably expressing only a NaV 1.7 α subunit. Two compounds (I.e., C18 and K21) were tested in the membrane potential assay performed substantially according to the protocol in Example 21. Specifically for this example, the test compounds were added in the first addition step.

C18 and K21 potentiated the response of clone C44 (expressing NaV 1.7 α, β1, and β2 subunits) and blocked the response of clone C60 (expressing NaV 1.7 α subunit only). The assay response of the two test compounds was normalized to the response of buffer alone for each of the two clones.

TABLE 2 Mammalian G proteins, their families and descriptions Family/ Protein # Class Subtype (UniProt) Description G-alpha G_(s) Gs P04896 Galpha-s-Bos taurus Gs P16052 Galpha-s-Cricetulus longicaudatus Gs P63092 Galpha-s-Homo sapiens-2 Gs P63091 Galpha-s-Canis familiaris Gs P63093 Galpha-s-Mesocricetus auratus Gs P63094 Galpha-s-Mus musculus-2 Gs P63095 Galpha-s-Rattus norvegicus-2 Gs P29797 Galpha-s-Sus scrofa Gs O60726 Galpha-s-Homo sapiens-4 Gs O75632 Galpha-s-Homo sapiens-5 Gs O75633 Galpha-s-Homo sapiens-6 Gs Q14433 Galpha-s-Homo sapiens-7 Gs Q14455 Galpha-s-Homo sapiens Gs Q8R4A8 Galpha-s-Cricetulus griseus Gs Q9JJ33 Galpha-s-Mus musculus Gs Q9JLG1 Galpha-s-Rattus norvegicus-1 Gs Q5JWF2 Galpha-s-Homo sapiens-3 Golf P38405 Galpha-olf-Homo sapiens-2 Golf Q8CGK7 Galpha-olf-Mus musculus Golf P38406 Galpha-olf-Rattus norvegicus Golf Q86XU3 Galpha-olf-Homo sapiens-1 G_(i/o) Gi Q29047 Galpha-i-Sus scrofa Gi1 P38401 Galpha-i1-Cavia porcellus Gi1 P50146 Galpha-i1-Gallus gallus Gi1 P63096 Galpha-i1-Homo sapiens-1 Gi1 P63097 Galpha-i1-Bos taurus Gi1 P10824 Galpha-i1-Rattus norvegicus Gi1 O43383 Galpha-i1-Homo sapiens-2 Gi1 Q61018 Galpha-i1-Mus musculus Gi2 P38400 Galpha-i2-Canis familiaris Gi2 P38402 Galpha-i2-Cavia porcellus Gi2 P50147 Galpha-i2-Gallus gallus Gi2 P04899 Galpha-i2-Homo sapiens-2 Gi2 P08752 Galpha-i2-Mus musculus-2 Gi2 P04897 Galpha-i2-Rattus norvegicus Gi2 Q7M3G8 Galpha-i2-Sus scrofa Gi2 Q7M3G9 Galpha-i2-Bos taurus-2 Gi2 Q7M3H0 Galpha-i2-Bos taurus-1 Gi2 Q8JZT4 Galpha-i2-Mus musculus-1 Gi2 Q96C71 Galpha-i2-Homo sapiens-1 Gi3 P38403 Galpha-i3-Cavia porcellus Gi3 Q60397 Galpha-i3-Cricetulus griseus Gi3 P08754 Galpha-i3-Homo sapiens Gi3 P08753 Galpha-i3-Rattus norvegicus Gi3 Q9DC51 Galpha-i3-Mus musculus Go P59215 Galpha-o-Rattus norvegicus Go Q8N6I9 Galpha-o-Homo sapiens Go1 P08239 Galpha-o1-Bos taurus Go1 P59216 Galpha-o1-Cricetulus longicaudatus Go1 P09471 Galpha-o1-Homo sapiens Go1 P18872 Galpha-o1-Mus musculus Gz P19086 Galpha-z-Homo sapiens-2 Gz O70443 Galpha-z-Mus musculus Gz P19627 Galpha-z-Rattus norvegicus Gz Q8IY73 Galpha-z-Homo sapiens-3 Gz Q8N652 Galpha-z-Homo sapiens-1 Gz Q95LC0 Galpha-z-Sus scrofa Gt Q16162 Galpha-t-Homo sapiens Gt Q9D7B3 Galpha-t-Mus musculus Gt1 P04695 Galpha-t1-Bos taurus Gt1 Q28300 Galpha-t1-Canis familiaris Gt1 P11488 Galpha-t1-Homo sapiens Gt1 P20612 Galpha-t1-Mus musculus Gt2 P04696 Galpha-t2-Bos taurus Gt2 P19087 Galpha-t2-Homo sapiens Gt2 P50149 Galpha-t2-Mus musculus-2 Gt2 Q8BSY7 Galpha-t2-Mus musculus-1 Ggust P29348 Galpha-gust-Rattus norvegicus G_(q/11) Gq Q6NT27 Galpha-q-Homo sapiens-2 Gq Q28294 Galpha-q-Canis familiaris Gq P50148 Galpha-q-Homo sapiens-1 Gq P21279 Galpha-q-Mus musculus Gq P82471 Galpha-q-Rattus norvegicus G11 Q71RI7 Galpha-11-Gallus gallus G11 P38409 Galpha-11-Bos taurus G11 P52206 Galpha-11-Canis familiaris G11 P29992 Galpha-11-Homo sapiens G11 P45645 Galpha-11-Meleagris gallopavo G11 P21278 Galpha-11-Mus musculus-2 G11 Q9JID2 Galpha-11-Rattus norvegicus G11 Q8SPP3 Galpha-11-Macaca mulatta G11 Q91X95 Galpha-11-Mus musculus-1 G14 P38408 Galpha-14-Bos taurus G14 O95837 Galpha-14-Homo sapiens G14 P30677 Galpha-14-Mus musculus-2 G14 Q8C3M7 Galpha-14-Mus musculus-3 G14 Q8CBT5 Galpha-14-Mus musculus-4 G14 Q8R2X9 Galpha-14-Mus musculus-1 G15 P30678 Galpha-15-Mus musculus G15 O88302 Galpha-15-Rattus norvegicus G16 P30679 Galpha-16-Homo sapiens G_(12/13) G12 Q03113 Galpha-12-Homo sapiens G12 P27600 Galpha-12-Mus musculus G12 Q63210 Galpha-12-Rattus norvegicus G13 Q14344 Galpha-13-Homo sapiens G13 P27601 Galpha-13-Mus musculus-2 G13 Q8C5L2 Galpha-13-Mus musculus-3 G13 Q9D034 Galpha-13-Mus musculus-1 G-beta B₁₋₅ B1 Q6TMK6 Gbeta-1-Cricetulus griseus B1 P62871 Gbeta-1-Bos taurus B1 P62872 Gbeta-1-Canis familiaris B1 P62873 Gbeta-1-Homo sapiens B1 P62874 Gbeta-1-Mus musculus B1 P54311 Gbeta-1-Rattus norvegicus-2 B1 Q9QX36 Gbeta-1-Rattus norvegicus-1 B2 P11017 Gbeta-2-Bos taurus B2 P62879 Gbeta-2-Homo sapiens B2 P62880 Gbeta-2-Mus musculus B2 P54313 Gbeta-2-Rattus norvegicus-2 B2 Q9QX35 Gbeta-2-Rattus norvegicus-1 B3 P79147 Gbeta-3-Canis familiaris B3 P16520 Gbeta-3-Homo sapiens-1 B3 Q61011 Gbeta-3-Mus musculus B3 P52287 Gbeta-3-Rattus norvegicus B3 Q96B71 Gbeta-3-Homo sapiens-2 B4 Q9HAV0 Gbeta-4-Homo sapiens B4 P29387 Gbeta-4-Mus musculus B4 O35353 Gbeta-4-Rattus norvegicus B5 O14775 Gbeta-5-Homo sapiens-2 B5 P62881 Gbeta-5-Mus musculus-2 B5 P62882 Gbeta-5-Rattus norvegicus B5 Q60525 Gbeta-5-Mesocricetus auratus B5 Q96F32 Gbeta-5-Homo sapiens-1 B5 Q9CSQ0 Gbeta-5-Mus musculus-3 B5 Q9CU21 Gbeta-5-Mus musculus-1 B_(unclassified) B un- Q61621 unclassified_Gbeta-Mus musculus-1 classified B un- Q8BMQ1 unclassified_Gbeta-Mus musculus-2 classified B un- Q9UFT3 unclassified_Gbeta-Homo sapiens classified G-gamma γ₁₋₁₂ γ1 Q8R1U6 Ggamma-1-Mus musculus γ2 P59768 Ggamma-2-Homo sapiens γ2 P63212 Ggamma-2-Bos taurus γ2 P63213 Ggamma-2-Mus musculus γ2 O35355 Ggamma-2-Rattus norvegicus γ3 P63214 Ggamma-3-Bos taurus γ3 P63215 Ggamma-3-Homo sapiens γ3 P63216 Ggamma-3-Mus musculus γ3 O35356 Ggamma-3-Rattus norvegicus γ4 P50150 Ggamma-4-Homo sapiens γ4 P50153 Ggamma-4-Mus musculus γ4 O35357 Ggamma-4-Rattus norvegicus γ5 P63217 Ggamma-5-Bos taurus γ5 P63218 Ggamma-5-Homo sapiens-2 γ5 Q80SZ7 Ggamma-5-Mus musculus γ5 P63219 Ggamma-5-Rattus norvegicus γ5 Q9Y3K8 Ggamma-5-Homo sapiens-1 γ7 P30671 Ggamma-7-Bos taurus γ7 O60262 Ggamma-7-Homo sapiens γ7 Q61016 Ggamma-7-Mus musculus γ7 P43425 Ggamma-7-Rattus norvegicus γ8 Q9UK08 Ggamma-8-Homo sapiens-2 γ8 P63078 Ggamma-8-Mus musculus-2 γ8 P63077 Ggamma-8-Rattus norvegicus γ8 P50154 Ggamma-8-Bos taurus γ8 O14610 Ggamma-8-Homo sapiens-1 γ8 Q61017 Ggamma-8-Mus musculus-1 γ10 P50151 Ggamma-10-Homo sapiens-2 γ10 O35358 Ggamma-10-Rattus norvegicus γ10 Q96BN9 Ggamma-10-Homo sapiens-1 γ10 Q9CXP8 Ggamma-10-Mus musculus γ11 P61952 Ggamma-11-Homo sapiens γ11 P61953 Ggamma-11-Mus musculus γ11 P61954 Ggamma-11-Rattus norvegicus γ12 Q28024 Ggamma-12-Bos taurus γ12 Q9UBI6 Ggamma-12-Homo sapiens γ12 Q9DAS9 Ggamma-12-Mus musculus γ12 O35359 Ggamma-12-Rattus norvegicus γ13 Q9P2W3 Ggamma-13-Homo sapiens γ13 Q9JMF3 Ggamma-13-Mus musculus γt1 P02698 Ggamma-t1-Bos taurus γt1 P63211 Ggamma-t1-Homo sapiens γt1 P63210 Ggamma-t1-Canis familiaris γt1 Q61012 Ggamma-t1-Mus musculus γ_(unclassified) γun- Q7M3H1 unclassified Ggamma-Bos indicus classified

TABLE 3 Human orphan GPCRs including their gene symbols and NCBI gene ID numbers Human Family Human Gene Symbol Gene ID Bombesin BRS3 680 Free fatty acid GPR42P 2866 N-Formylpeptide family FPRL2 2359 Nicotinic acid GPR81 27198 Opsin-like OPN3 23596 OrphanA2 GPR52 9293 OrphanA2 GPR21 2844 OrphanA3 GPR78 27201 OrphanA3 GPR26 2849 OrphanA4 GPR37 2861 OrphanA4 GPR37L1 9283 OrphanA6 GPR63 81491 OrphanA6 GPR45 11250 OrphanA7 GPR83 10888 OrphanA9 GRCAe 27239 OrphanA9 GPR153 387509 OrphanA12 P2RY5 10161 OrphanA13 P2RY10 27334 OrphanA13 GPR174 84636 OrphanA14 GPR142 350383 OrphanA14 GPR139 124274 OrphanA15 ADMR 11318 OrphanA15 CMKOR1 57007 OrphanLGR LGR4 55366 OrphanLGR LGR5 8549 OrphanLGR LGR6 59352 OrphanSREB GPR85 54329 OrphanSREB GPR27 2850 OrphanSREB GPR173 54328 Orphan (chemokine receptor-like) CCRL2 9034 Orphan (Mas-related) MAS1 4142 Orphan (Mas-related) MAS1L 116511 Orphan (Mas-related) MRGPRE 116534 Orphan (Mas-related) MRGPRF 116535 Orphan (Mas-related) MRGPRG 386746 Orphan (Mas-related) MRGX3e 117195 Orphan (Mas-related) MRGX4e 117196 Orphan (melatonin-like) GPR50 9248 Orphan (P2Y-like) GPR87 53836 Orphan (trace amine-like) TRAR3f 134860 Orphan (trace amine-like) TRAR4 319100 Orphan (trace amine-like) TRAR5 83551 Orphan (trace amine-like) PNRe 9038 Orphan (trace amine-like) GPR57g 9288 Orphan (trace amine-like) GPR58 9287 Other orphan genes EBI2 1880 Other orphan genes GPR160 26996 Other orphan genes GPRe 11245 Other orphan genes GPR1 2825 Other orphan genes GPR101 83550 Other orphan genes GPR135 64582 Other orphan genes OPN5 221391 Other orphan genes GPR141 353345 Other orphan genes GPR146 115330 Other orphan genes GPR148 344561 Other orphan genes GPR149 344758 Other orphan genes GPR15 2838 Other orphan genes GPR150 285601 Other orphan genes GPR152 390212 Other orphan genes GPR161 23432 Other orphan genes GPR17 2840 Other orphan genes GPR171 29909 Other orphan genes GPR18 2841 Other orphan genes GPR19 2842 Other orphan genes GPR20 2843 Other orphan genes GPR22 2845 Other orphan genes GPR25 2848 Other orphan genes GPR31 2853 Other orphan genes GPR32 2854 Other orphan genes GPR33 2856 Other orphan genes GPR34 2857 Other orphan genes GPR55 9290 Other orphan genes GPR61 83873 Other orphan genes GPR62 118442 Other orphan genes GPR79h 27200 Other orphan genes GPR82 27197 Other orphan genes GPR84 53831 Other orphan genes GPR88 54112 Other orphan genes GPR92 57121 Other orphan genes P2RY8 286530 Other orphan genes GPR151 134391 LNB7TM GPR64 10149 LNB7TM GPR56 9289 LNB7TM GPR115 221393 LNB7TM GPR114 221188 LNB7TM:Brain specific angiogenesis BAI1 575 inhibitor LNB7TM:Brain specific angiogenesis BAI2 576 inhibitor LNB7TM:Brain specific angiogenesis BAI3 577 inhibitor LNB7TM:Proto-cadherin CELSR1 9620 LNB7TM:Proto-cadherin CELSR2 1952 LNB7TM:Proto-cadherin CELSR3 1951 LNB7TM:EGF, mucin-like receptor EMR1 2015 LNB7TM:EGF, mucin-like receptor EMR2 30817 LNB7TM GPR97 222487 LNB7TM GPR110 266977 LNB7TM GPR111 222611 LNB7TM GPR112 139378 LNB7TM GPR113 165082 LNB7TM GPR116 221395 LNB7TM MASS1 84059 LNB7TM ELTD1 64123 LNB7TM GPR123 84435 LNB7TM GPR124 25960 LNB7TM GPR125 166647 LNB7TM GPR126 57211 LNB7TM GPR128 84873 LNB7TM GPR144 347088 LNB7TM:EGF, mucin-like receptor EMR3 84658 LNB7TM:EGF, mucin-like receptor EMR4b 326342 LNB7TM CD97 976 LNB7TM:Latrophilin substrate LPHN2 23266 LNB7TM:Latrophilin substrate LPHN3 23284 LNB7TM:Latrophilin substrate LPHN1 22859 Unclassified GPR157 80045 GABAB GPR51 9568 GABAB GPR156 165829 Calcium sensor GPRC6A 222545 GPRC5 GPRC5A 9052 GPRC5 GPRC5B 51704 GPRC5 GPRC5C 55890 GPRC5 GPRC5D 55507 Unclassified GPR158 57512 Unclassified GPR158L1 342663

TABLE 4 Human opioid receptors, their gene symbols, NCBI gene ID numbers and related synonyms Sub- Gene Splice NCBI Type unit Symbol form Gene ID Synonyms Opioid Mu OPRM1 1 4988 KIAA0403, MOR, MOR1, 2 MOR-1, Mu-type opioid receptor, OPRM Delta OPRD1 1 4985 Delta-type opioid receptor, DOR-1, OPRD Kappa OPRK1 1 4986 Kappa-type opioid receptor, KOR, KOR-1, OPRK Sigma OPRS1 1 10280  AAG8, Aging-associated gene 8 2 protein, FLJ25585, hSigmaR1, 3 MGC3851, SIG-1R, Sigma1R, 4 Sigma1-receptor, Sigma 1-type 5 opioid receptor, SIGMAR1, SR31747-binding protein, SRBP, SR-BP, SR-BP1 Opioid Like OPRL1 1 4987 Kappa-type 3 opioid receptor, Receptor 2 KOR-3, MGC34578, Nociceptin receptor, NOCIR, OOR, ORL1, Orphanin FQ receptor opioid binding OPCML 1 4978 OBCAM, OPCM, Opioid-binding protein/cell cell adhesion molecule, adhesion Opioid-binding protein/cell molecule-like adhesion molecule precursor opioid growth OGFR 1 11054  7-60, 7-60 protein, OGFr, factor receptor 2 Opioid growth factor receptor, Zeta-type opioid receptor opioid OGFRL1 1 79627  dJ331H24.1, FLJ21079, growth factor MGC102783 receptor-like 1

TABLE 5 Human olfactory receptors, their gene symbols, and common names Name Common Name ORL1003 OR2W1 ORL1004 OR10H1 ORL1009 OR1K1 ORL1011 sdolf ORL1015 OR3A3 ORL1016 OR1E1 ORL1017 LOC113744 ORL1018 OR1D2 ORL1019 OR2B2 ORL1020 sdolf ORL1021 LOC113117 ORL1022 OR1F2 ORL1023 OR1F1 ORL1025 LOC116408 ORL1026 LOC91013 ORL1027 LOC93312 ORL1028 OR7A17 ORL1029 OR7C2 ORL1030 OR12D3 ORL1031 OR5V1 ORL1032 OR2J2 ORL1033 OR2W1 ORL1037 OR2W1 ORL1038 LOC89905 ORL1040 OR2K2 ORL1041 OR3A2 ORL1043 OR11A1 ORL1046 OR2S2 ORL1048 JCG10 ORL1049 JCG4 ORL1050 PJCG1 ORL1051 JCG5 ORL1052 JCG5 ORL1053 JCG3 ORL1054 JCG1 ORL1055 JCG2 ORL1063 LOC120835 ORL1064 LOC119206 ORL1066 LOC119205 ORL1069 LOC125962 ORL1075 LOC122751 ORL1081 LOC122745 ORL1082 OR10H4 ORL1083 OR1M1 ORL1084 LOC122744 ORL1085 OR1M1 ORL1086 OR7G1 ORL1087 LOC125961 ORL1088 LOC125960 ORL1089 OR7D4 ORL1090 LOC125901 ORL1091 LOC125801 ORL1092 LOC123492 ORL1093 LOC123491 ORL1094 LOC122743 ORL1095 LOC122741 ORL1096 OR4K14 ORL1097 LOC122737 ORL1098 LOC122736 ORL154 FAT11 ORL165 OLF1 ORL166 OLF3 ORL167 OLA-7501 ORL19 HGMP07E ORL20 HGMP07I ORL203 TPCR100 ORL204 TPCR106 ORL205 TPCR110 ORL206 TPCR120 ORL207 TPCR16 ORL208 TPCR24 ORL209 TPCR25 ORL21 HGMP07J ORL210 TPCR26 ORL211 TPCR27 ORL212 TPCR85 ORL213 TPCR86 ORL214 TPCR92 ORL229 ht2 ORL230 htpcr2 ORL231 EST112838 ORL249 nq20a09.s1 ORL253 OR1-25 ORL254 OR1-26 ORL255 OR13-66 ORL256 OR16-35 ORL257 OR16-36 ORL258 OR16-37 ORL259 OR16-88 ORL260 OR16-89 ORL261 OR16-90 ORL262 OR17-130 ORL263 OR17-135 ORL264 OR17-136 ORL265 OR17-137 ORL266 OR17-15 ORL267 yq70e01.s1 ORL268 OR17-16 ORL269 OR19-18 ORL270 OR3-145 ORL271 OR5-40 ORL272 OR7-138 ORL273 OR7-139 ORL274 OR7-140 ORL281 OLFR 42A ORL282 OLFR 42B ORL283 OLFMF ORL3001 OR10K1/OR01.09.04/HGPCR1104 ORL3002 OR6Y1/OR01.12.02/HGPCR0041 ORL3003 OR2T4/OR01.04.03/HGPCR0269 ORL3004 OR10Z1/OR01.09.01/HGPCR1073 ORL3005 OR6N2/OR01.10.02/HGPCR1102 ORL3006 OR5BF1/OR01.01.01/HGPCR1048 ORL3007 OR5AV1/OR01.01.02/HGPCR0911 ORL3008 OR5AT1/OR01.01.05/HGPCR0150 ORL3009 OR11L1/OR01.13.01/HGPCR0152 ORL3010 OR6K6/OR01.10.05/HGPCR1099 ORL3011 OR10T2/OR01.09.07/HGPCR0914 ORL3012 OR10R2/OR01.09.06/HGPCR0804 ORL3013 OR2T5/OR01.04.04/HGPCR0537 ORL3014 OR6P1/OR01.12.01/HGPCR0043 ORL3015 OR2L8/OR01.02.01/HGPCR0855 ORL3016 OR13G1/OR01.07.01/HGPCR0054 ORL3017 OR2L8/OR01.02.01/HGPCR0221 ORL3018 OR10J5/OR01.09.02/HGPCR0461 ORL3019 OR6N1/OR01.10.01/HGPCR0101 ORL3020 OR6F1/OR01.11.01/HGPCR0602 ORL3023 OR10K2/OR01.09.05 ORL3024 OR6K2/OR01.10.03 ORL3025 OR5AX1/OR01.01.04 ORL3026 OR2C4/OR01.05.01 ORL3027 OR01.01.03/HGPCR0770 ORL3028 OR01.04.05/HGPCR1143 ORL3029 OR01.08.01/HGPCR1038 ORL3030 OR01.10.06/HGPCR0574 ORL3031 OR01.06.01/HGPCR0389 ORL3032 OR01.04.08/HGPCR0569 ORL3033 OR10J6/HGPCR0207 ORL3034 OR6K3/HGPCR0667 ORL3037 OR2L4P/HGPCR0871 ORL3038 OR2T6P/HGPCR0342 ORL3039 OR2L3 ORL3040 OR2T3 ORL3041 OR5AY1 ORL3042 OR2G2 ORL3043 OR2G3 ORL3044 OR01.04.02 ORL3045 OR01.03.02 ORL3046 OR01.04.01 ORL3047 OR01.04.09 ORL3048 OR01.04.06 ORL3049 OR01.04.07 ORL305 dJ193B12.4 ORL3050 OR01.03.05 ORL3051 OR01.03.04 ORL3052 OR01.03.03 ORL3053 OR01.03.01 ORL3054 OR01.06.02 ORL3055 OR2T2P ORL3056 OR10T1P ORL3057 OR10R1P ORL3058 OR10R3P ORL3059 OR2W3P ORL306 AC002085 ORL3060 OR2AS1P ORL3061 OR2AK1P ORL3062 OR10X1P ORL3063 OR6K1P ORL3064 OR6K4P ORL3065 OR6K5P ORL3066 OR2AQ1P ORL3067 OR2L5P ORL3068 OR10AA1P ORL3069 OR10J2P ORL307 BC62940_2 ORL3070 OR10J3P ORL3071 OR2L7P ORL3072 OR2L9P ORL3073 OR2AJ1P ORL3074 OR2T8P ORL3075 OR6R1P ORL3076 OR2L6P ORL3077 OR2T7P ORL3078 OR7E26P ORL3079 OR11I1P ORL308 oh91h07.s1 ORL3080 OR10AE1P ORL3081 OR9H1P ORL3082 OR7E102/HGPCR0317 ORL3083 OR7E89P ORL3084 OR7E90P ORL3085 OR7E91P ORL3086 OR7E62P ORL3087 OR7E46P ORL3088 OR7E107P ORL3089 OR6B2P ORL309 hsolf4 ORL3090 OR5S1P ORL3091 OR6B3P ORL3092 OR4G6P ORL3093 OR5H2/OR03.01.03 ORL3094 OR5H6/OR03.01.04 ORL3095 OR03.01.02 ORL3096 OR7E55P ORL3097 OR7E66P ORL3098 OR5H4P ORL3099 OR5H5P ORL310 AC003956 ORL3100 OR5H7P ORL3101 OR5H8P ORL3102 OR7E29P ORL3103 OR7E93P ORL3104 OR7E53P ORL3105 OR7E97P ORL3106 OR5BM1P ORL3107 OR5H3P ORL3108 OR5AC1P ORL3109 OR7E121P ORL311 R30385_1 ORL3110 OR7E122P ORL3111 OR7E127P ORL3112 OR7E129P ORL3113 OR5G1P ORL3114 OR7E131P ORL3115 OR7E132P ORL3116 OR7E100P ORL3117 OR5B5P ORL3118 OR7E83P ORL3119 OR7E84P ORL312 F20722_1 ORL3120 OR7E85P ORL3121 OR7E86P ORL3122 OR7E43P ORL3123 OR7E94P ORL3124 OR7E99P ORL3125 OR7E103P ORL3126 OR4H11P ORL3127 OR8N1P ORL3128 OR7E35P ORL3129 OR5M14P ORL313 F20722_2 ORL3130 OR7E130P ORL3131 OR2Y1/OR05.02.01/HGPCR0495 ORL3132 OR2V3/OR05.01.01/HGPCR0932 ORL3133 OR2AI1P ORL3134 OR1X1P ORL3135 OR2V1P ORL3136 OR4H5P ORL3137 OR5U1/OR06.01.01/HGPCR0647 ORL3138 OR4F12/OR06.12.05/HGPCR0990 ORL3139 OR1F12/OR06.07.01/HGPCR0348 ORL314 F20569_1 ORL3140 OR4F14/OR06.12.03/HGPCR0266 ORL3141 OR4F16/OR06.12.02/HGPCR0404 ORL3142 OR2H2/OR06.03.02 ORL3143 OR4F15/OR06.12.04/HGPCR0055 ORL3144 OR4F10/OR06.12.02 ORL3145 OR2B8/HGPCR0702 ORL3146 OR2W6P/HGPCR0734 ORL3147 OR2I2 ORL3148 OR06.06.01 ORL3149 OR4F2P ORL315 ol62g08.s1 ORL3150 OR2P1P ORL3151 OR4F1P ORL3152 OR7E22P ORL3153 OR2U2P ORL3154 OR2U1P ORL3155 OR2H5P ORL3156 OR2G1P ORL3157 OR2AD1P ORL3158 OR12D1P ORL3159 OR2W4P ORL316 on81f02.s1 ORL3160 OR2W2P ORL3161 OR2B7P ORL3162 OR4F13P ORL3163 OR2W7P ORL3164 OR5B7P ORL3165 OR2J1P ORL3166 OR2N1P ORL3167 OR2J4P ORL3168 OR2H4P ORL3169 OR2E1P ORL317 om42b11.s1 ORL3170 OR2B4P ORL3171 OR2AE1/OR07.02.01/HGPCR1138 ORL3172 OR6V1/OR07.04.01/HGPCR0240 ORL3173 OR9A2/OR07.04.02/HGPCR0322 ORL3174 OR9A4/OR07.04.03/HGPCR0175 ORL3175 OR2A6/OR07.01.05 ORL3176 OR2A16P/OR07.01.06 ORL3177 OR2A12P/OR07.01.04 ORL3178 OR07.01.03/HGPCR0491 ORL3179 OR2F2/OR07.03.02/HGPCR1049 ORL3180 OR4F5 ORL3181 OR2A7 ORL3182 OR4F4 ORL3183 OR2Q1P ORL3184 OR7E38P ORL3185 OR7E7P ORL3186 OR2R1P ORL3187 OR10AC1P ORL3188 OR4G4P ORL3189 OR4F7P ORL3190 OR9P1P ORL3191 OR9A1P ORL3192 OR2A11P ORL3193 OR2A2P ORL3194 OR2A13P ORL3195 OR2A14P ORL3196 OR2A15P ORL3197 OR9A3P ORL3198 OR9N1P ORL3199 OR7E118P ORL32 HTPCRX11 ORL3200 OR7E9P ORL3201 OR2A17P ORL3202 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OR1Q1 ORL3244 OR1L4 ORL3245 OR5C1 ORL3246 OR1N2 ORL3247 OR09.01.04 ORL3248 OR13C1P ORL3249 OR13I1P ORL3250 OR7E108P ORL3251 OR7E109P ORL3252 OR1H1P ORL3253 OR7E112P ORL3254 OR7E113P ORL3255 OR7E114P ORL3256 OR13E1P ORL3257 OR7E31P ORL3258 OR7E116P ORL3259 OR2AN1P ORL3260 OR13D2P ORL3261 OR13C6P ORL3262 OR2S1P ORL3263 OR2AM1P ORL3264 OR13D3P ORL3265 OR13A1/OR10.01.01/HGPCR0425 ORL3266 OR6D1P ORL3267 OR7E110P ORL3268 OR7E68P ORL3269 OR7E115P ORL3270 OR6L1P ORL3271 OR6L2P ORL3272 OR7M1P ORL3273 OR6D2P ORL3274 OR10G6P/OR11.48.06/HGPCR0037 ORL3275 OR10G6P/OR11.48.06/HGPCR1012 ORL3276 OR10G6P/OR11.48.06/HGPCR0129 ORL3277 OR9G4/OR11.24.01/HGPCR0829 ORL3278 OR9Q1/OR11.25.02/HGPCR0131 ORL3279 OR9G5/OR11.24.03/HGPCR0880 ORL3280 OR9G5/OR11.24.03/HGPCR1118 ORL3281 OR2AG1/OR11.21.01/HGPCR0485 ORL3282 OR52E1/OR11.15.06/HGPCR0671 ORL3283 OR56A1/OR11.01.05/HGPCR0795 ORL3284 OR5P3/OR11.29.01/HGPCR0765 ORL3285 OR52L1/OR11.20.02/HGPCR0068 ORL3286 OR52L2/OR11.20.03/HGPCR0494 ORL3287 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OR5M3/OR11.40.07/HGPCR0514 ORL3315 OR1S1/OR11.41.01/HGPCR1026 ORL3316 OR5M3/OR11.40.07/HGPCR1006 ORL3317 OR8D1/OR11.38.02/HGPCR0236 ORL3318 OR52M1P/OR11.19.02/HGPCR0352 ORL3319 OR10D4/OR11.48.08 ORL3320 OR56A4/OR11.01.06 ORL3321 OR8K1/OR11.39.05 ORL3322 OR5M8/OR11.40.05 ORL3323 OR4X1/OR11.49.07 ORL3324 OR52N2/OR11.17.03 ORL3325 OR51S1/OR11.03.01 ORL3326 OR52B4/OR11.13.04 ORL3327 OR5AK3/OR11.30.01 ORL3328 OR5F1/OR11.31.01 ORL3329 OR8J3/OR11.39.02 ORL3330 OR8K5/OR11.39.07 ORL3331 OR52A1/OR11.16.01 ORL3332 OR8A1/OR11.38.04 ORL3333 OR8B12/OR11.38.09 ORL3334 OR52E8/OR11.15.02 ORL3335 OR4C12/OR11.49.12 ORL3336 OR4C13/OR11.49.13 ORL3337 OR5G3/OR11.27.01 ORL3338 OR5T3/OR11.35.02 ORL3339 OR1A2/OR17.02.02 ORL334 BC85395_1 ORL3340 OR5AU1/OR14.01.01 ORL3342 OR52H1/OR11.13.02 ORL3343 OR4F17/OR19.06.01 ORL3344 OR5R1P/OR11.39.04 ORL3345 OR11.18.02/HGPCR0026 ORL3346 OR11.18.02/HGPCR0823 ORL3347 OR11.19.02/HGPCR0586 ORL3348 OR11.14.01/HGPCR0333 ORL3349 OR11.14.01/HGPCR0496 ORL335 BC85395_2 ORL3350 OR11.11.04/HGPCR1031 ORL3351 OR11.11.06/HGPCR0748 ORL3352 OR11.39.01/HGPCR0854 ORL3353 OR11.23.01/HGPCR0440 ORL3354 OR11.01.02/HGPCR0359 ORL3355 OR11.09.02/HGPCR0924 ORL3356 OR11.24.03/HGPCR0930 ORL3357 OR11.24.02/HGPCR0660 ORL3358 OR11.42.03/HGPCR0186 ORL3359 OR11.42.03/HGPCR0217 ORL336 BC85395_3 ORL3360 OR11.32.03/HGPCR0098 ORL3361 OR11.30.02/HGPCR1093 ORL3362 OR11.40.08/HGPCR0420 ORL3363 OR11.50.04/HGPCR0601 ORL3364 OR11.49.01/HGPCR0224 ORL3365 OR11.43.03/HGPCR0612 ORL3366 OR11.28.01/HGPCR1039 ORL3367 OR9I1/OR11.25.01/HGPCR1015 ORL3368 OR6B1/OR11.47.01/HGPCR1052 ORL3369 OR6M1/OR11.45.01/HGPCR0584 ORL337 BC85395_4 ORL3370 OR51L1/OR11.11.02/HGPCR0603 ORL3371 OR51A2/OR11.11.07/HGPCR1139 ORL3372 OR52E2/OR11.15.07/HGPCR0212 ORL3373 OR5P2/OR11.29.02/HGPCR0943 ORL3374 OR10S1/OR11.48.05/HGPCR0936 ORL3375 OR10S1/OR11.48.05/HGPCR0431 ORL3376 OR51H1/OR11.07.01/HGPCR0615 ORL3377 OR10G8/OR11.48.01/HGPCR0512 ORL3378 OR6T1/OR11.45.02/HGPCR0443 ORL3379 OR4B1/OR11.49.05/HGPCR0433 ORL3380 OR51Q1/OR11.11.01/HGPCR0755 ORL3381 OR52N1/OR11.17.04/HGPCR1061 ORL3382 OR10G9/OR11.48.03/HGPCR0527 ORL3383 OR4X2/OR11.49.06/HGPCR1087 ORL3384 OR5M9/OR11.40.06/HGPCR1096 ORL3385 OR8K3/OR11.39.06/HGPCR0872 ORL3386 OR52E6/OR11.15.03/HGPCR0682 ORL3387 OR2AG1/OR11.21.01/HGPCR0485 ORL3388 OR56B2/OR11.01.03/HGPCR0926 ORL3389 OR1M1/OR19.02.01/HGPCR0449 ORL339 op88e11.s1 ORL3390 OR51G2/OR11.11.03/HGPCR0356 ORL3391 OR51F2/OR11.10.01/HGPCR0619 ORL3392 OR5D16/OR11.32.06/HGPCR0679 ORL3393 OR10Q1/OR11.43.02/HGPCR0749 ORL3394 OR5D18/OR11.32.05/HGPCR0271 ORL3395 OR5D18/OR11.32.05/HGPCR0948 ORL3396 OR5L1/OR11.32.01/HGPCR0243 ORL3397 OR51E2/OR11.06.02/HGPCR0820 ORL3398 OR51D1/OR11.06.03/HGPCR0814 ORL3399 OR5AR1/OR11.37.01/HGPCR0758 ORL34 HTPCRH03 ORL3400 OR5M1/OR11.40.03/HGPCR0286 ORL3401 OR5AP2/OR11.34.01/HGPCR0288 ORL3402 OR5AP2/OR11.34.01/HGPCR0288 ORL3403 OR52B2/OR11.13.01/HGPCR0654 ORL3404 OR52K2/OR11.18.01/HGPCR0969 ORL3405 OR52K2/OR11.18.01/HGPCR0231 ORL3406 OR52B4/OR11.13.04/HGPCR0189 ORL3407 OR51I1/OR11.09.02/HGPCR0924 ORL3408 OR8H2/OR11.31.04/HGPCR0337 ORL3409 OR8I2/OR11.31.02/HGPCR0339 ORL341 nc48c07.s1 ORL3410 OR8H3/OR11.31.05/HGPCR0336 ORL3411 OR4A15/OR11.49.08/HGPCR0941 ORL3412 OR4D9/OR11.50.03/HGPCR0746 ORL3413 OR5B16/OR11.33.01/HGPCR0056 ORL3414 OR10A6/OR11.42.02/HGPCR0645 ORL3415 OR5B17/OR11.33.02/HGPCR0070 ORL3416 OR8H1/OR11.31.03/HGPCR0893 ORL3417 OR52P1/OR11.20.01/HGPCR0565 ORL3418 OR51T1/OR11.05.01/HGPCR0812 ORL3419 OR52R1/OR11.19.01/HGPCR0624 ORL342 AI017815 ORL3420 OR56B4/OR11.01.01/HGPCR1134 ORL3421 OR4D6/OR11.50.02/HGPCR0460 ORL3422 OR8B8/OR11.38.10/HGPCR0539 ORL3423 OR8B4/OR11.38.06/HGPCR0179 ORL3424 OR52B6/OR11.13.03/HGPCR0782 ORL3425 OR4C6/OR11.49.14/HGPCR0046 ORL3426 OR5D14/OR11.32.04/HGPCR0685 ORL3427 OR6Q1/OR11.46.01/HGPCR1025 ORL3428 OR52I1/OR11.02.01/HGPCR0673 ORL3429 OR52I2/OR11.02.02/HGPCR0469 ORL343 AI023490 ORL3430 OR2D3/OR11.22.02/HGPCR0950 ORL3431 OR52W1P/OR11.12.01/HGPCR0130 ORL3432 OR2D2/OR11.22.01/HGPCR0954 ORL3433 OR5M11/OR11.40.01/HGPCR0253 ORL3434 OR8G3P/OR11.40.04/HGPCR0380 ORL3435 OR4C16/OR11.49.04/HGPCR0692 ORL3436 OR52N5/OR11.17.01/HGPCR0053 ORL3438 OR6X1/OR11.44.01 ORL3440 OR51C1P/HGPCR0066 ORL3441 OR51J1P/HGPCR0768 ORL3442 OR51R1P/HGPCR0731 ORL3443 OR9I2P/HGPCR0326 ORL3444 OR51A4 ORL3445 OR51G1 ORL3446 OR5D13 ORL3447 OR8J1 ORL3449 OR9G1 ORL3450 OR52K1 ORL3451 OR5B2 ORL3452 OR52D1 ORL3453 OR5AN1 ORL3454 OR5AK2 ORL3455 OR8B3 ORL3456 OR8B2 ORL3457 OR11.38.08 ORL3458 OR11.38.07 ORL3459 OR11.28.02 ORL3460 OR11.25.02 ORL3461 OR11.39.03 ORL3462 OR11.50.05 ORL3463 OR11.49.03 ORL3464 OR11.26.01 ORL3465 OR11.33.04 ORL3466 OR11.37.02 ORL3467 OR11.48.07 ORL3468 OR11.35.03 ORL3469 OR11.38.05 ORL347 hsORL-124 ORL3470 OR11.42.06 ORL3471 OR10D3P ORL3472 OR10N1P ORL3473 OR8F1P ORL3474 OR10D1P ORL3476 OR7E5P ORL3477 OR51B3P ORL3478 OR7E87P ORL3479 OR7E4P ORL3480 OR2AL1P ORL3481 OR6M2P ORL3482 OR5D2P ORL3483 OR4V1P ORL3484 OR8B10P ORL3485 OR4P1P ORL3486 OR51N1P ORL3487 OR52J1P ORL3488 OR51P1P ORL3489 OR4C7P ORL349 hsORL-125 ORL3490 OR5P1P ORL3491 OR56A2P ORL3492 OR5E1P ORL3493 OR56A3P ORL3494 OR52X1P ORL3495 OR56A5P ORL3496 OR52E3P ORL3497 OR51A3P ORL3498 OR4C9P ORL3499 OR52J2P ORL35 HTPCRH06 ORL350 hsORL-126 ORL3500 OR4R1P ORL3501 OR4C10P ORL3502 OR51A5P ORL3503 OR5M2P ORL3504 OR10AB1P ORL3505 OR52S1P ORL3506 OR5M4P ORL3507 OR5M5P ORL3508 OR10G5P ORL3509 OR5M6P ORL351 hsORL-127 ORL3510 OR5M7P ORL3511 OR5T1P ORL3512 OR8I1P ORL3513 OR8K2P ORL3514 OR10D5P ORL3515 OR5BD1P ORL3516 OR5AL1P ORL3517 OR5AL2P ORL3518 OR10A2P ORL3519 OR8L1P ORL352 hsORL-128 ORL3520 OR5BP1P ORL3521 OR8J2P ORL3522 OR52N3P ORL3523 OR4B2P ORL3524 OR51K1P ORL3525 OR52Q1P ORL3526 OR52E7P ORL3527 OR6A2P ORL3528 OR52U1P ORL3529 OR6M3P ORL353 hsORL-129 ORL3530 OR5D3P ORL3531 OR8B9P ORL3532 OR56B1P ORL3533 OR2AG2P ORL3534 OR52Y1P ORL3535 OR51A6P ORL3536 OR51F1P ORL3537 OR7E1P ORL3538 OR51H2P ORL3539 OR5BG1P ORL354 hsORL-130 ORL3540 OR5W1P ORL3541 OR5W2P ORL3542 OR51A8P ORL3543 OR5D15P ORL3544 OR9L2P ORL3545 OR5D17P ORL3546 OR9Q2P ORL3547 OR5W3P ORL3548 OR9I3P ORL3549 OR51A9P ORL355 hsORL-131 ORL3550 OR5BL1P ORL3551 OR9M1P ORL3552 OR52M2P ORL3553 OR52M3P ORL3554 OR2AH1P ORL3555 OR56B3P ORL3557 OR5AM1P ORL3558 OR52B1P ORL3559 OR5M12P ORL356 hsORL-132 ORL3560 OR5AP1P ORL3561 OR5M13P ORL3562 OR52K3P ORL3563 OR52B3P ORL3564 OR5BB1P ORL3565 OR9G2P ORL3566 OR9G3P ORL3567 OR51A10P ORL3568 OR52P2P ORL3569 OR4A2P ORL357 hsORL-133 ORL3570 OR5AK1P ORL3571 OR5BQ1P ORL3572 OR4A3P ORL3573 OR4R2P ORL3574 OR7E117P ORL3575 OR5F2P ORL3576 OR5AQ1P ORL3577 OR5J1P ORL3578 OR5BE1P ORL3579 OR5BN1P ORL358 hsORL-134 ORL3580 OR8K4P ORL3581 OR7E11P ORL3582 OR7A3P ORL3583 OR7E3P ORL3584 OR4A6P ORL3585 OR4A7P ORL3586 OR8C1P ORL3587 OR4A8P ORL3588 OR7E15P ORL3589 OR4A9P ORL359 hsORL-135 ORL3590 OR4A10P ORL3591 OR4A11P ORL3592 OR4A12P ORL3593 OR4A13P ORL3594 OR4A14P ORL3595 OR51C3P ORL3596 OR51B1P ORL3597 OR8B6P ORL3598 OR8B5P ORL3599 OR8B7P ORL36 HTPCRH07 ORL360 hsORL-136 ORL3600 OR10D6P ORL3601 OR8C3P ORL3602 OR4P3P ORL3603 OR8B1P ORL3604 OR4D7P ORL3605 OR4D8P ORL3606 OR2AT1P ORL3607 OR4D10P ORL3608 OR4C11P ORL3609 OR4D11P ORL361 hsORL-137 ORL3610 OR55C1P ORL3611 OR55B1P ORL3612 OR52V1P ORL3613 OR52T1P ORL3614 OR52H2P ORL3615 OR52B5P ORL3616 OR5BA1P ORL3617 OR5AZ1P ORL3618 OR5B14P ORL3619 OR5B15P ORL362 hsORL-138 ORL3620 OR51A11P ORL3621 OR8R1P ORL3622 OR5AN2P ORL3623 OR5BR1P ORL3624 OR10W1P ORL3625 OR5B18P ORL3626 OR56A7P ORL3627 OR5BC1P ORL3628 OR10Q2P ORL3629 OR5B19P ORL363 hsORL-139 ORL3630 OR4A17P ORL3631 OR10V2P ORL3632 OR5AK4P ORL3633 OR10Y1P ORL3634 OR7E14P ORL3635 OR4R3P ORL3636 OR4A18P ORL3637 OR4A19P ORL3638 OR4A20P ORL3639 OR10V3P ORL364 hsORL-140 ORL3640 OR7E2P ORL3641 OR7E13P ORL3642 OR7E126P ORL3643 OR8Q1P ORL3644 OR7E128P ORL3645 OR5P4P ORL3646 OR5G4P ORL3647 OR4S2P ORL3648 OR5G5P ORL3649 OR8A2P ORL365 hsORL-141 ORL3650 OR7E12P ORL3651 OR4A1P ORL3652 OR4A21P ORL3653 OR4C1P ORL3654 OR4C14P ORL3655 OR10A7/OR12.03.01 ORL3656 OR9K2/OR12.02.01 ORL3657 OR10P1P/OR12.03.02/HGPCR0636 ORL3658 OR10AD1P/OR12.01.01 ORL3659 OR9K1P/HGPCR0894 ORL366 hsORL-142 ORL3660 OR10P3P/HGPCR0351 ORL3661 OR12.01.01 ORL3662 OR12.04.02 ORL3663 OR12.04.01 ORL3664 OR7E95P ORL3665 OR5BK1P ORL3666 OR11M1P ORL3667 OR9R1P ORL3668 OR10P2P ORL3669 OR2A18P ORL367 hsORL-131 ORL3670 OR7A19P ORL3671 OR2AP1P ORL3672 OR6U1P ORL3673 OR10U1P ORL3674 OR11H2P ORL3675 OR7E101P ORL3676 OR7E104P ORL3677 OR7E111P ORL3678 OR7E37P ORL3679 OR7E33P ORL368 hsORL-144 ORL3680 OR5B10P ORL3681 OR4K2/OR14.07.07 ORL3682 OR4K3/OR14.07.06 ORL3683 OR6J2/OR14.02.01 ORL3684 OR4K5/OR14.07.09 ORL3685 OR4N5/OR14.06.02 ORL3686 OR11H4/OR14.03.01 ORL3687 OR11G2/OR14.03.03 ORL3688 OR4L1/OR14.07.01 ORL3689 OR4K13/OR14.07.04 ORL369 hsORL-145 ORL3690 OR4K15/OR14.07.08 ORL3691 OR4K17/OR14.07.02 ORL3692 OR14.07.03/HGPCR0058 ORL3693 OR4N2/OR14.06.03/HGPCR0320 ORL3694 OR6S1/OR14.02.02/HGPCR0135 ORL3695 OR10G3/OR14.04.02/HGPCR0263 ORL3697 OR10G2/OR14.04.01/HGPCR0272 ORL3698 OR4E2/OR14.05.01/HGPCR0273 ORL3699 OR11H6/OR14.03.02/HGPCR0190 ORL37 HTPCRH02 ORL370 hsORL-146 ORL3700 OR4K14/OR14.07.05/HGPCR0588 ORL3701 OR4K1 ORL3702 OR6J1P ORL3703 OR6E1P ORL3704 OR4N1P ORL3705 OR4K4P ORL3706 OR4K6P ORL3707 OR7E105P ORL3708 OR7E106P ORL3709 OR11G1P ORL371 hsORL-147 ORL3710 OR11H5P ORL3711 OR4U1P ORL3712 OR4L2P ORL3713 OR4Q2P ORL3714 OR4K16P ORL3715 OR4T1P ORL3716 OR4H8P ORL3717 OR4E1P ORL3718 OR10G1P ORL3719 OR7K1P ORL372 hsORL-148 ORL3720 OR7A12P ORL3721 OR4N4/OR15.02.02/HGPCR1149 ORL3722 OR4N4/OR15.02.02/HGPCR0703 ORL3723 OR4M2/OR15.02.01/HGPCR0928 ORL3725 OR15.01.01 ORL3726 OR4Q1P ORL3727 OR11K1P ORL3728 OR4N3P ORL3729 OR4H6P ORL373 hsORL-149 ORL3730 OR11H3P ORL3731 OR4H10P ORL3732 OR11J1P ORL3733 OR11J2P ORL3734 OR8B11P ORL3735 OR11I2P ORL3736 OR4C5P/OR16.03.03 ORL3737 OR4S1/OR16.03.01/HGPCR0474 ORL3738 OR4C3/OR16.03.02/HGPCR0976 ORL3739 OR4C2P ORL374 hsORL-150 ORL3740 OR4C4P ORL3741 OR4F11P ORL3742 OR4G5P ORL3743 OR2C2P ORL3744 OR4G1P ORL3745 OR4D2/OR17.06.02/HGPCR0095 ORL3746 OR3A2/OR17.01.04/HGPCR0766 ORL3747 OR1G1/OR17.05.01 ORL3748 OR17.06.01 ORL3749 OR1E3P ORL375 hsORL-151 ORL3750 OR1R1P ORL3751 OR4K7P ORL3752 OR1R2P ORL3753 OR1D3P ORL3754 OR1E9P ORL3755 OR1R3P ORL3756 OR4K9P ORL3757 OR4K10P ORL3758 OR5D12P ORL3759 OR5D5P ORL376 hsORL-152 ORL3760 OR10H4/OR19.05.05/HGPCR0324 ORL3761 OR10H5/OR19.05.02/HGPCR0167 ORL3762 OR7G1/OR19.04.03/HGPCR0435 ORL3763 OR2Z1/OR19.01.01/HGPCR0216 ORL3764 OR2Z1/OR19.01.01/HGPCR0725 ORL3765 OR7G3/OR19.04.04/HGPCR0434 ORL3766 OR7D4P/OR19.04.05/HGPCR0977 ORL3767 OR7C1/OR19.04.08/HGPCR0887 ORL3768 OR4F19/OR19.06.01 ORL3769 OR19.04.01/HGPCR0980 ORL377 hsORL-153 ORL3770 OR7A2/HGPCR0709 ORL3771 OR7G2/HGPCR0436 ORL3772 OR4F18 ORL3773 OR7A10 ORL3774 OR19.04.02 ORL3775 OR19.04.07 ORL3776 OR5AH1P ORL3777 OR7D1P ORL3778 OR7E24P ORL3779 OR7E19P ORL378 hsORL-154 ORL3780 OR7D4P ORL3781 OR7E25P ORL3782 OR7E16P ORL3783 OR4F8P ORL3784 OR4F9P ORL3785 OR7E98P ORL3786 OR1AB1P ORL3787 OR7A18P ORL3788 OR7A1P ORL3789 OR10B1P ORL379 oq79g01.s1 ORL3790 OR7H1P ORL3791 OR7A11P ORL3792 OR7A15P ORL3793 OR7A8P ORL3794 OR7A14P ORL3795 OR4G3P ORL3796 OR4G7P ORL3797 OR4G8P ORL3798 OR7E92P ORL3799 OR4K11P ORL38 HTPCRX01 ORL380 ah40c03.s1 ORL3800 OR4K12P ORL3801 OR7E23P ORL3802 OR11H1/OR22.01.01/HGPCR0191 ORL3803 OR13H1/OR0X.01.01/HGPCR0012 ORL3804 H38g522/HGPCR0369 ORL3805 OR2D1 ORL3806 OR1F11 ORL3807 OR2A19 ORL3808 OR7E120 ORL3809 OR2M1 ORL381 AA042813 ORL3810 OR5AC2 ORL3811 OR5B3 ORL3812 OR6C2 ORL3813 OR52A2 ORL3814 OR4Q3 ORL3815 OR6C1 ORL3816 OR2A20 ORL3817 OR2M2 ORL3818 OR2A21 ORL3819 OR6C3 ORL382 yd62d03.r1 ORL3820 OR1E7 ORL3821 HGPCR0003 ORL3822 HGPCR0004 ORL3823 HGPCR0005 ORL3824 HGPCR0013 ORL3825 HGPCR0014 ORL3826 HGPCR0016 ORL3827 HGPCR0017 ORL3828 HGPCR0019 ORL3829 HGPCR0042 ORL383 yq74a09.r1 ORL3830 HGPCR0050 ORL3831 HGPCR0052 ORL3832 HGPCR0060 ORL3833 HGPCR0061 ORL3834 HGPCR0062 ORL3835 HGPCR0074 ORL3836 HGPCR0076 ORL3837 HGPCR0078 ORL3838 HGPCR0082 ORL3839 HGPCR0083 ORL384 za65c09.r1 ORL3840 HGPCR0086 ORL3841 HGPCR0087 ORL3842 HGPCR0094 ORL3843 HGPCR0097 ORL3844 HGPCR0100 ORL3845 HGPCR0111 ORL3846 HGPCR0112 ORL3847 HGPCR0113 ORL3848 HGPCR0122 ORL3849 HGPCR0124 ORL385 yh39c04.r1 ORL3850 HGPCR0125 ORL3851 HGPCR0127 ORL3852 HGPCR0128 ORL3853 HGPCR0143 ORL3854 HGPCR0146 ORL3855 HGPCR0153 ORL3856 HGPCR0164 ORL3857 HGPCR0168 ORL3858 HGPCR0174 ORL3859 HGPCR0178 ORL386 zs42g05.r1 ORL3860 HGPCR0185 ORL3861 HGPCR0188 ORL3862 HGPCR0192 ORL3863 HGPCR0199 ORL3864 HGPCR0211 ORL3865 HGPCR0213 ORL3866 HGPCR0215 ORL3867 HGPCR0238 ORL3868 HGPCR0244 ORL3869 HGPCR0245 ORL387 zx51h08.s1 ORL3870 HGPCR0246 ORL3871 HGPCR0247 ORL3872 HGPCR0249 ORL3873 HGPCR0250 ORL3874 HGPCR0256 ORL3875 HGPCR0260 ORL3876 HGPCR0264 ORL3877 HGPCR0265 ORL3878 HGPCR0268 ORL3879 HGPCR0274 ORL388 yd40h07.r1 ORL3880 HGPCR0276 ORL3881 HGPCR0278 ORL3882 HGPCR0283 ORL3883 HGPCR0285 ORL3884 HGPCR0287 ORL3885 HGPCR0291 ORL3886 HGPCR0309 ORL3887 HGPCR0313 ORL3888 HGPCR0319 ORL3889 HGPCR0321 ORL389 yp84e02.r1 ORL3890 HGPCR0325 ORL3891 HGPCR0327 ORL3892 HGPCR0329 ORL3893 HGPCR0330 ORL3894 HGPCR0340 ORL3895 HGPCR0347 ORL3896 HGPCR0355 ORL3897 HGPCR0358 ORL3898 HGPCR0367 ORL3899 HGPCR0370 ORL39 HTPCRX02 ORL390 yr79d08.r1 ORL3900 HGPCR0378 ORL3901 HGPCR0392 ORL3902 HGPCR0393 ORL3903 HGPCR0398 ORL3904 HGPCR0400 ORL3905 HGPCR0401 ORL3906 HGPCR0409 ORL3907 HGPCR0417 ORL3908 HGPCR0422 ORL3909 HGPCR0428 ORL391 yr79e08.r1 ORL3910 HGPCR0439 ORL3911 HGPCR0442 ORL3912 HGPCR0448 ORL3913 HGPCR0451 ORL3914 HGPCR0455 ORL3915 HGPCR0456 ORL3916 HGPCR0459 ORL3917 HGPCR0464 ORL3918 HGPCR0465 ORL3919 HGPCR0467 ORL392 yh39c04.s1 ORL3920 HGPCR0468 ORL3921 HGPCR0479 ORL3922 HGPCR0481 ORL3923 HGPCR0483 ORL3924 HGPCR0486 ORL3925 HGPCR0487 ORL3926 HGPCR0489 ORL3927 HGPCR0501 ORL3928 HGPCR0507 ORL3929 HGPCR0508 ORL393 zb47d11.s1 ORL3930 HGPCR0510 ORL3931 HGPCR0513 ORL3932 HGPCR0516 ORL3933 HGPCR0519 ORL3934 HGPCR0531 ORL3935 HGPCR0534 ORL3936 HGPCR0053 ORL3937 HGPCR0543 ORL3938 HGPCR0546 ORL3939 HGPCR0566 ORL394 af94a05.s1 ORL3940 HGPCR0570 ORL3941 HGPCR0571 ORL3942 HGPCR0578 ORL3943 HGPCR0581 ORL3944 HGPCR0585 ORL3945 HGPCR0586 ORL3946 HGPCR0589 ORL3947 HGPCR0590 ORL3948 HGPCR0591 ORL3949 HGPCR0599 ORL395 OR5-85 ORL3950 HGPCR0611 ORL3951 HGPCR0618 ORL3952 HGPCR0620 ORL3953 HGPCR0621 ORL3954 HGPCR0625 ORL3955 HGPCR0630 ORL3956 HGPCR0632 ORL3957 HGPCR0637 ORL3958 HGPCR0640 ORL3959 HGPCR0643 ORL396 OR7-141 ORL3960 HGPCR0650 ORL3961 HGPCR0653 ORL3962 HGPCR0655 ORL3963 HGPCR0656 ORL3964 HGPCR0665 ORL3965 HGPCR0668 ORL3966 HGPCR0672 ORL3967 HGPCR0674 ORL3968 HGPCR0676 ORL3969 HGPCR0680 ORL397 OR17-228 ORL3970 HGPCR0700 ORL3971 HGPCR0703 ORL3972 HGPCR0705 ORL3973 HGPCR0706 ORL3974 HGPCR0710 ORL3975 HGPCR0713 ORL3976 HGPCR0719 ORL3977 HGPCR0720 ORL3978 HGPCR0725 ORL3979 HGPCR0726 ORL3980 HGPCR0727 ORL3981 HGPCR0728 ORL3982 HGPCR0732 ORL3983 HGPCR0747 ORL3984 HGPCR0762 ORL3985 HGPCR0764 ORL3986 HGPCR0769 ORL3987 HGPCR0775 ORL3988 HGPCR0778 ORL3989 HGPCR0781 ORL3990 HGPCR0792 ORL3991 HGPCR0796 ORL3992 HGPCR0799 ORL3993 HGPCR0805 ORL3994 HGPCR0806 ORL3995 HGPCR0809 ORL3996 HGPCR0813 ORL3997 HGPCR0816 ORL3998 HGPCR0832 ORL3999 HGPCR0836 ORL40 HTPCRX03 ORL400 af90d06.s1 ORL4000 HGPCR0837 ORL4001 HGPCR0844 ORL4002 HGPCR0845 ORL4003 HGPCR0848 ORL4004 HGPCR0858 ORL4005 HGPCR0860 ORL4006 HGPCR0866 ORL4007 HGPCR0868 ORL4008 HGPCR0876 ORL4009 HGPCR0877 ORL401 yq19f08.s1 ORL4010 HGPCR0878 ORL4011 HGPCR0879 ORL4012 HGPCR0885 ORL4013 HGPCR0895 ORL4014 HGPCR0897 ORL4015 HGPCR0900 ORL4016 HGPCR0902 ORL4017 HGPCR0905 ORL4018 HGPCR0907 ORL4019 HGPCR0909 ORL4020 HGPCR0915 ORL4021 HGPCR0944 ORL4022 HGPCR0957 ORL4023 HGPCR0958 ORL4024 HGPCR0961 ORL4025 HGPCR0962 ORL4026 HGPCR0965 ORL4027 HGPCR0967 ORL4028 HGPCR0975 ORL4029 HGPCR0986 ORL4030 HGPCR0989 ORL4031 HGPCR0993 ORL4032 HGPCR0995 ORL4033 HGPCR0997 ORL4034 HGPCR0999 ORL4035 HGPCR1000 ORL4036 HGPCR1016 ORL4037 HGPCR1020 ORL4038 HGPCR1021 ORL4039 HGPCR1022 ORL4040 HGPCR1023 ORL4041 HGPCR1028 ORL4042 HGPCR1034 ORL4043 HGPCR1041 ORL4044 HGPCR1043 ORL4045 HGPCR1050 ORL4046 HGPCR1059 ORL4047 HGPCR1072 ORL4048 HGPCR1075 ORL4049 HGPCR1077 ORL4050 HGPCR1082 ORL4051 HGPCR1083 ORL4052 HGPCR1091 ORL4053 HGPCR1092 ORL4054 HGPCR1095 ORL4055 HGPCR1097 ORL4056 HGPCR1105 ORL4057 HGPCR1106 ORL4058 HGPCR1109 ORL4059 HGPCR1113 ORL4060 HGPCR1122 ORL4061 HGPCR1125 ORL4062 HGPCR1126 ORL4063 HGPCR1128 ORL4064 HGPCR1131 ORL4065 HGPCR1136 ORL4066 HGPCR1137 ORL4067 HGPCR1144 ORL4068 HGPCR1147 ORL4069 HGPCR1154 ORL4070 HGPCR1158 ORL4071 OR7E88P ORL4072 OR2AF1P ORL4073 OR13K1P ORL4074 OR1AA1P ORL4075 OR7L1P ORL4076 OR2AF2P ORL4077 OR3B1P ORL4078 ORL4079 OR5BH1P ORL4080 OR2W5P ORL4081 OR51C2P ORL4082 OR5BJ1P ORL4083 OR2C5P ORL4084 OR5B12P ORL4085 OR7E39P ORL4086 OR7E27P ORL4087 OR5D10P ORL4088 OR2I3P ORL4089 OR7E119P ORL4090 OR7E47P ORL4091 OR7E42P ORL4092 OR2M3P ORL4093 OR7E57P ORL4094 OR7E34P ORL4095 OR7E56P ORL4096 OR7E21P ORL4097 OR7E45P ORL4098 OR7E77P ORL4099 OR7E81P ORL41 HTPCRX06 ORL4100 OR7E44P ORL4101 OR2I5P ORL4102 OR7E59P ORL4103 OR7E28P ORL4104 OR7E54P ORL4105 OR7E48P ORL4106 OR51E3P ORL4107 OR7E40P ORL4108 OR7E52P ORL4109 OR2I7P ORL4110 OR7E30P ORL4111 OR2I8P ORL4112 OR52A3P ORL4113 OR2I9P ORL4114 OR7E20P ORL4115 OR2A22P ORL4116 OR5BH2P ORL4117 OR1E8P ORL4118 OR4W1P ORL4119 OR7E124P ORL4120 OR10J4P ORL4121 OR7E123P ORL4122 OR7E36P ORL4123 OR4G2P ORL4124 OR06.03.02 ORL4125 HGPCR0405 ORL4126 OR09.01.09/HGPCR019 ORL4127 OR09.01.08/HGPCR019 ORL4128 OR13E2/HGPCR0369 ORL4129 OR93 ORL42 HTPCRX09 ORL420 dJ88J8.1 ORL423 OR2C1 ORL43 HTPCRX10 ORL430 olfr89 ORL44 HTPCRX11 ORL45 HTPCRX12 ORL4501 HsOR1.4.9 ORL4502 HsOR1.5.1 ORL4503 HsOR1.1.1P ORL4504 HsOR1.1.2P ORL4505 HsOR1.1.3 ORL4506 HsOR1.2.1P ORL4507 HsOR1.3.1P ORL4508 HsOR1.3.2P ORL4509 HsOR1.4.3P ORL4510 HsOR1.4.11P ORL4511 HsOR1.4.14P ORL4512 HsOR1.4.15P ORL4513 HsOR1.4.19P ORL4514 HsOR1.4.20P ORL4515 HsOR1.4.21P ORL4516 HsOR1.4.22P ORL4517 HsOR1.4.23P ORL4518 HsOR1.4.24P ORL4519 HsOR1.4.25P ORL4520 HsOR1.4.28P ORL4521 HsOR1.5.2P ORL4522 HsOR1.5.11P ORL4523 HsOR1.5.16 ORL4524 HsOR1.5.17 ORL4525 HsOR1.5.19 ORL4526 HsOR1.5.20P ORL4527 HsOR1.5.22P ORL4528 HsOR1.5.23 ORL4529 HsOR1.5.24 ORL4530 HsOR1.5.25 ORL4531 HsOR1.5.26P ORL4532 HsOR1.5.28P ORL4533 HsOR1.5.27 ORL4534 HsOR1.5.29 ORL4535 HsOR1.5.30 ORL4536 HsOR1.5.38 ORL4537 HsOR1.5.42 ORL4538 HsOR1.5.44 ORL4539 HsOR1.5.48 ORL4540 HsOR1.5.50 ORL4541 HsOR2.1.1P ORL4542 HsOR2.1.2P ORL4543 HsOR2.1.3P ORL4544 HsOR2.2.1P ORL4545 HsOR2.3.1P ORL4546 HsOR2.3.2P ORL4547 HsOR2.3.3P ORL4548 HsOR2.4.1 ORL4549 HsOR2.4.2 ORL4550 HsOR2.4.3P ORL4551 HsOR3.1.1P ORL4552 HsOR3.2.1P ORL4553 HsOR3.2.2P ORL4554 HsOR3.2.3P ORL4555 HsOR3.2.4P ORL4556 HsOR3.3.1P ORL4557 HsOR3.3.2 ORL4558 HsOR3.3.4 ORL4559 HsOR3.3.5 ORL4560 HsOR3.3.6 ORL4561 HsOR3.3.3P ORL4562 HsOR3.3.7P ORL4563 HsOR3.3.8P ORL4565 HsOR3.3.9P ORL4566 HsOR3.3.10P ORL4567 HsOR3.3.13P ORL4568 HsOR3.3.14 ORL4569 HsOR3.3.15 ORL4570 HsOR3.3.16 ORL4571 HsOR3.4.1P ORL4572 HsOR3.5.1P ORL4573 HsOR3.5.2P ORL4574 HsOR3.5.3P ORL4575 HsOR3.5.4P ORL4576 HsOR3.5.5P ORL4577 HsOR3.6.1P ORL4578 HsOR3.6.2P ORL4579 HsOR4.1.1P ORL4580 HsOR4.1.2P ORL4581 HsOR4.1.3P ORL4582 HsOR4.2.1P ORL4583 HsOR4.2.2P ORL4584 HsOR4.2.3P ORL4585 HsOR4.2.4P ORL4586 HsOR4.2.5P ORL4587 HsOR4.3.1P ORL4588 HsOR4.4.1P ORL4589 HsOR5.1.1P ORL459 OLFR 17-30 ORL4590 HsOR5.2.1P ORL4591 HsOR5.3.1P ORL4592 HsOR5.4.1P ORL4593 HsOR5.4.3 ORL4594 HsOR6.1.1P ORL4597 HsOR6.2.2P ORL4598 HsOR6.2.4P ORL4599 HsOR6.2.5P ORL46 HTPCRX13 ORL4600 HsOR6.2.6P ORL4601 HsOR6.2.7P ORL4602 HsOR6.2.9P ORL4603 HsOR6.3.1P ORL4604 HsOR6.3.3P ORL4605 HsOR6.3.5P ORL4606 HsOR6.3.7P ORL4607 HsOR6.3.9P ORL4608 HsOR6.3.10P ORL4609 HsOR6.3.11P ORL4610 HsOR6.3.12P ORL4611 HsOR6.3.13P ORL4612 HsOR6.3.14P ORL4613 HsOR6.3.15P ORL4614 HsOR6.3.20P ORL4615 HsOR6.3.24P ORL4616 HsOR6.3.25P ORL4617 HsOR6.5.1P ORL4618 HsOR7.1.1P ORL4619 HsOR7.2.1P ORL4620 HsOR7.2.2P ORL4621 HsOR7.2.3P ORL4622 HsOR7.3.1P ORL4623 HsOR7.3.2P ORL4624 HsOR7.5.1P ORL4625 HsOR7.6.3P ORL4626 HsOR7.6.4P ORL4627 HsOR7.6.5P ORL4628 HsOR7.6.8P ORL4629 HsOR7.6.10 ORL4630 HsOR7.6.11 ORL4631 HsOR7.6.13 ORL4632 HsOR7.6.14P ORL4633 HsOR7.6.16P ORL4634 HsOR7.6.17P ORL4635 HsOR7.6.18P ORL4636 HsOR7.6.20P ORL4637 HsOR7.6.21 ORL4638 HsOR7.6.22P ORL4639 HsOR8.2.1P ORL4640 HsOR8.3.1P ORL4641 HsOR8.4.1P ORL4642 HsOR8.4.2P ORL4643 HsOR8.4.3P ORL4644 HsOR8.5.1P ORL4645 HsOR8.5.2P ORL4646 HsOR8.5.3P ORL4647 HsOR9.1.1P ORL4648 HsOR9.1.4P ORL4649 HsOR9.1.5P ORL4650 HsOR9.1.6P ORL4651 HsOR9.1.7P ORL4652 HsOR9.2.1P ORL4653 HsOR9.2.2P ORL4654 HsOR9.3.1P ORL4655 HsOR9.3.2P ORL4656 HsOR9.4.5P ORL4657 HsOR9.4.9P ORL4658 HsOR9.4.10P ORL4659 HsOR9.4.12P ORL4660 HsOR9.6.7P ORL4661 HsOR10.1.1P ORL4662 HsOR10.1.2P ORL4663 HsOR10.1.3P ORL4664 HsOR10.2.1P ORL4665 HsOR11.8.13 ORL4666 HsOR11.9.7 ORL4667 HsOR11.10.8 ORL4668 HsOR11.2.1P ORL4669 HsOR11.2.2P ORL4670 HsOR11.3.1P ORL4671 HsOR11.3.2 ORL4672 HsOR11.3.3P ORL4673 HsOR11.3.4P ORL4674 HsOR11.3.5P ORL4675 HsOR11.3.7P ORL4676 HsOR11.3.9P ORL4677 HsOR11.3.15P ORL4678 HsOR11.3.18 ORL4679 HsOR11.3.19P ORL4680 HsOR11.3.20P ORL4681 HsOR11.3.21P ORL4682 HsOR11.3.22 ORL4683 HsOR11.3.23P ORL4684 HsOR11.3.26P ORL4685 HsOR11.3.29P ORL4686 HsOR11.3.31P ORL4687 HsOR11.3.32P ORL4688 HsOR11.3.36P ORL4689 HsOR11.3.39P ORL4690 HsOR11.3.41P ORL4691 HsOR11.3.42P ORL4692 HsOR11.3.45P ORL4693 HsOR11.3.46P ORL4694 HsOR11.3.47P ORL4695 HsOR11.3.48P ORL4696 HsOR11.3.49P ORL4697 HsOR11.3.50 ORL4698 HsOR11.3.52P ORL4699 HsOR11.3.53P ORL47 HTPCRX14 ORL4700 HsOR11.3.54 ORL4701 HsOR11.3.56P ORL4702 HsOR11.3.57 ORL4703 HsOR11.3.58P ORL4704 HsOR11.3.59 ORL4705 HsOR11.3.60 ORL4706 HsOR11.3.61 ORL4707 HsOR11.3.62P ORL4708 HsOR11.3.64P ORL4709 HsOR11.3.67P ORL4710 HsOR11.3.69P ORL4711 HsOR11.3.71P ORL4712 HsOR11.3.72P ORL4713 HsOR11.3.73P ORL4714 HsOR11.3.74 ORL4715 HsOR11.3.75P ORL4716 HsOR11.3.76P ORL4717 HsOR11.3.78 ORL4718 HsOR11.3.79 ORL4719 HsOR11.3.82P ORL4720 HsOR11.3.86P ORL4721 HsOR11.3.89P ORL4722 HsOR11.3.91 ORL4723 HsOR11.3.92 ORL4724 HsOR11.3.95P ORL4725 HsOR11.3.97P ORL4726 HsOR11.3.99P ORL4727 HsOR11.3.100P ORL4728 HsOR11.4.1 ORL4729 HsOR11.5.1P ORL4730 HsOR11.5.2P ORL4731 HsOR11.5.3P ORL4732 HsOR11.5.6P ORL4733 HsOR11.6.1P ORL4734 HsOR11.7.1P ORL4735 HsOR11.8.2P ORL4736 HsOR11.8.7P ORL4737 HsOR11.8.8P ORL4738 HsOR11.8.10P ORL4739 HsOR11.8.11P ORL4740 HsOR11.8.12P ORL4741 HsOR11.8.14P ORL4742 HsOR11.8.15P ORL4743 HsOR11.8.16P ORL4744 HsOR11.8.17P ORL4745 HsOR11.8.18P ORL4746 HsOR11.8.19P ORL4747 HsOR11.8.20P ORL4748 HsOR11.8.21P ORL4749 HsOR11.9.1P ORL4750 HsOR11.9.2P ORL4751 HsOR11.9.3P ORL4752 HsOR11.9.6P ORL4753 HsOR11.9.8P ORL4754 HsOR11.10.1P ORL4755 HsOR11.10.3P ORL4756 HsOR11.10.4P ORL4757 HsOR11.10.5P ORL4758 HsOR11.10.7P ORL4759 HsOR11.10.9P ORL4760 HsOR11.11.1P ORL4761 HsOR11.11.2P ORL4762 HsOR11.11.6P ORL4763 HsOR11.11.7P ORL4764 HsOR11.11.8P ORL4765 HsOR11.11.10P ORL4766 HsOR11.11.11P ORL4767 HsOR11.11.12P ORL4768 HsOR11.11.13P ORL4769 HsOR11.11.14P ORL4770 HsOR11.11.21P ORL4771 HsOR11.11.22P ORL4772 HsOR11.11.23P ORL4773 HsOR11.11.24P ORL4774 HsOR11.11.26P ORL4775 HsOR11.11.32P ORL4776 HsOR11.11.33P ORL4777 HsOR11.11.36P ORL4778 HsOR11.11.38P ORL4779 HsOR11.11.40P ORL4780 HsOR11.11.43P ORL4781 HsOR11.11.44P ORL4782 HsOR11.11.50P ORL4783 HsOR11.11.52P ORL4784 HsOR11.11.53P ORL4785 HsOR11.11.58P ORL4786 HsOR11.11.60P ORL4787 HsOR11.11.64P ORL4788 HsOR11.11.65P ORL4789 HsOR11.11.66P ORL4790 HsOR11.11.68P ORL4791 HsOR11.11.71P ORL4792 HsOR11.11.73P ORL4793 HsOR11.11.74P ORL4794 HsOR11.11.75P ORL4795 HsOR11.11.80P ORL4796 HsOR11.11.81P ORL4797 HsOR11.11.82P ORL4798 HsOR11.11.83P ORL4799 HsOR11.11.86P ORL48 HTPCRX15 ORL4800 HsOR11.11.88P ORL4801 HsOR11.11.90P ORL4802 HsOR11.11.91P ORL4803 HsOR11.11.92P ORL4804 HsOR11.11.93P ORL4805 HsOR11.11.94P ORL4806 HsOR11.11.97P ORL4807 HsOR11.11.98P ORL4808 HsOR11.12.2P ORL4809 HsOR11.12.4P ORL481 HOR 5′Beta3 ORL4810 HsOR11.12.6P ORL4811 HsOR11.12.8 ORL4812 HsOR11.12.13P ORL4813 HsOR11.12.14P ORL4814 HsOR11.12.15P ORL4815 HsOR11.12.16P ORL4816 HsOR11.12.18P ORL4817 HsOR11.12.19P ORL4818 HsOR11.12.23 ORL4819 HsOR11.13.1P ORL482 HOR 5 ORL4820 HsOR11.13.2P ORL4821 HsOR11.13.9P ORL4822 HsOR11.13.11 ORL4823 HsOR11.13.12P ORL4824 HsOR11.13.14P ORL4825 HsOR11.13.15P ORL4826 HsOR11.14.1P ORL4827 HsOR11.14.2P ORL4828 HsOR11.14.3P ORL4829 HsOR11.15.1P ORL483 OR2D2 ORL4830 HsOR11.15.2P ORL4831 HsOR11.15.3P ORL4832 HsOR11.15.4P ORL4833 HsOR11.16.1P ORL4834 HsOR11.16.2 ORL4835 HsOR11.16.3P ORL4836 HsOR11.17.1P ORL4837 HsOR11.17.2P ORL4838 HsOR11.18.3P ORL4839 HsOR11.18.4P ORL484 OR10A1 ORL4840 HsOR11.18.10P ORL4841 HsOR11.18.15P ORL4842 HsOR11.18.17P ORL4843 HsOR11.18.18P ORL4844 HsOR11.18.20P ORL4845 HsOR11.18.21P ORL4846 HsOR11.18.22 ORL4847 HsOR11.18.23P ORL4848 HsOR11.18.24P ORL4849 HsOR11.18.28P ORL485 OR5F1 ORL4850 HsOR11.18.29P ORL4851 HsOR11.18.30P ORL4852 HsOR11.18.31P ORL4853 HsOR11.18.32P ORL4854 HsOR11.18.33 ORL4855 HsOR11.18.34 ORL4856 HsOR11.18.37P ORL4857 HsOR11.18.38P ORL4858 HsOR11.18.39P ORL4859 HsOR11.18.43P ORL486 OR5D4 ORL4860 HsOR12.1.1P ORL4861 HsOR12.1.2P ORL4862 HsOR12.1.3P ORL4862 HsOR12.2.1P ORL4863 HsOR12.3.2P ORL4864 HsOR12.3.3P ORL4865 HsOR12.3.4P ORL4866 HsOR12.3.5P ORL4867 HsOR12.3.7P ORL4868 HsOR12.3.8P ORL4869 HsOR12.4.1P ORL487 OR5D3 ORL4870 HsOR12.5.1P ORL4871 HsOR12.5.3P ORL4872 HsOR12.5.4P ORL4873 HsOR12.5.6 ORL4874 HsOR12.5.7P ORL4875 HsOR12.5.8P ORL4876 HsOR12.5.9 ORL4877 HsOR12.5.10P ORL4878 HsOR12.5.11 ORL4879 HsOR12.5.12 ORL4880 HsOR12.5.13P ORL4881 HsOR12.5.14 ORL4882 HsOR12.5.15P ORL4883 HsOR12.5.16 ORL4884 HsOR12.5.17 ORL4885 HsOR12.5.18 ORL4886 HsOR12.5.19 ORL4887 HsOR12.5.20 ORL4888 HsOR12.5.21 ORL4889 HsOR12.5.22P ORL4890 HsOR12.5.25P ORL4891 HsOR13.1.1P ORL4892 HsOR13.1.2P ORL4893 HsOR13.1.3P ORL4894 HsOR13.3.1P ORL4895 HsOR13.3.2P ORL4896 HsOR13.4.1P ORL4897 HsOR13.4.2P ORL4898 HsOR14.1.1 ORL4899 HsOR14.1.2P ORL49 HTPCRX16 ORL4900 HsOR14.1.3 ORL4901 HsOR14.1.4P ORL4902 HsOR14.1.6P ORL4903 HsOR14.1.8P ORL4904 HsOR14.1.9P ORL4905 HsOR14.1.11P ORL4906 HsOR14.1.14P ORL4907 HsOR14.1.16P ORL4908 HsOR14.1.19P ORL4909 HsOR14.1.21P ORL491 hsORL491 ORL4910 HsOR14.1.24P ORL4911 HsOR14.1.26P ORL4912 HsOR14.1.28P ORL4913 HsOR14.2.3P ORL4914 HsOR14.2.6P ORL4915 HsOR14.3.2P ORL4916 HsOR14.4.1P ORL4917 HsOR14.5.1P ORL4918 HsOR14.5.3P ORL4919 HsOR15.2.6 ORL492 hsORL492 ORL4920 HsOR15.1.1P ORL4921 HsOR15.1.2P ORL4922 HsOR15.1.3P ORL4923 HsOR15.1.4P ORL4924 HsOR15.1.5P ORL4925 HsOR15.1.6P ORL4926 HsOR15.1.7P ORL4927 HsOR15.1.10P ORL4928 HsOR15.2.4P ORL4929 HsOR15.2.5P ORL493 hsORL493 ORL4930 HsOR15.2.7P ORL4931 HsOR15.2.8P ORL4932 HsOR16.1.2P ORL4933 HsOR17.1.3P ORL4934 HsOR17.1.5P ORL4935 HsOR17.1.8P ORL4936 HsOR17.1.9P ORL4937 HsOR17.1.13 ORL4938 HsOR18.1.1P ORL4939 HsOR19.1.1P ORL494 hsORL494 ORL4940 HsOR19.1.2P ORL4941 HsOR19.1.4P ORL4942 HsOR19.2.2P ORL4943 HsOR19.2.6P ORL4944 HsOR19.2.10P ORL4945 HsOR19.2.12P ORL4946 HsOR19.2.13P ORL4947 HsOR19.2.15P ORL4948 HsOR19.2.17P ORL4949 HsOR19.3.4P ORL495 hsORL495 ORL4950 HsOR19.3.7P ORL4951 HsOR19.3.9P ORL4952 HsOR19.3.10P ORL4953 HsOR19.3.13P ORL4954 HsOR19.4.6P ORL4955 HsOR19.5.1P ORL4956 HsOR21.1.1P ORL4957 HsOR21.1.2P ORL4958 HsOR21.2.1P ORL4959 HsORX.1.1P ORL496 hsORL496 ORL4960 HsORX.1.2P ORL4961 HsORX.1.3P ORL4962 HsORX.1.4P ORL4963 HsORX.1.6P ORL4964 HsORX.2.1P ORL4965 HsOR17.1.1 ORL4966 HsOR14.1.5 ORL497 hsORL497 ORL498 hsORL498 ORL499 hsORL499 ORL50 HTPCRX17 ORL500 hsORL500 ORL501 hsORL501 ORL502 hsORL502 ORL504 NCI_CGAP_Ut7 ORL505 ORL506 NP_058638.1 ORL507 hsORL507 ORL508 hsORL508 ORL509 NCI_CGAP_Co14 ORL51 HTPCRX19 ORL510 HPFH6OR ORL511 OR1D5 ORL512 OR1A1 ORL513 OR6A1 ORL520 OR3A1 ORL521 OR1D2 ORL522 Soares_NFL_T_GBC_S1 ORL523 OR12D2 ORL524 OR11A1 ORL525 OR10H1 ORL526 OR10C1 ORL527 OR10H3 ORL528 OR10H2 ORL536 hf30a07.x1 ORL589 OR17-2 ORL590 OR17-228 ORL591 OR17-4 ORL592 OR17-23 ORL593 OR17-24 ORL594 OR17-40 ORL671 6M1-3*02 ORL672 6M1-7P*01 ORL673 6M1-16*03 ORL674 6M1-16*02 ORL675 6M1-16*01 ORL676 6M1-15*03 ORL677 6M1-15*02 ORL678 6M1-15*01 ORL68 OR17-23 ORL680 6M1-10*02 ORL681 6M1-10*01 ORL682 6M1-6*03 ORL683 6M1-6*02 ORL684 6M1-6*01 ORL685 6M1-02P*02 ORL686 6M1-4P*04 ORL687 6M1-4P*05 ORL688 6M1-4P*03 ORL689 6M1-4P*02 ORL69 OR17-24 ORL690 6M1-4P*01 ORL691 6M1-3*04 ORL692 6M1-3*01 ORL693 6M1-1*02 ORL694 6M1-1*01 ORL697 6M1-7P*02 ORL70 OR17-32 ORL71 OR17-82 ORL72 OR17-93 ORL729 6M1-18*02 ORL73 OR17-207 ORL732 OR2A4 ORL735 OR6A1 ORL736 OR5I1 ORL737 OR1D4 ORL738 OR1E2 ORL739 OR1E1 ORL74 OR17-201 ORL740 OR1A2 ORL741 OR1A1 ORL742 LOC82475 ORL743 OR12D2 ORL75 OR17-209 ORL76 OR17-210 ORL77 OR17-219 ORL78 OR17-2 ORL79 OR17-4 ORL830 LOC83361 ORL869 ORL870 hB2 ORL871 hP2 ORL872 hP4 ORL873 hP3 ORL874 hI7 ORL875 hT3 ORL925 OR51B2 ORL929 OR7A17 ORL931 OR10H2 ORL932 OR10H3 ORL933 OR1I1 ORL934 OR2B3 ORL935 OR2J3 ORL936 OR2J2 ORL937 OR7C1 ORL938 OR7A10 ORL939 OR2F2 ORL940 OR6B1 ORL941 OR4F3 ORL942 OR2A4 ORL943 OLFR89 ORL944 OR2H2 ORL946 OR52A1 ORL947 ORL948 ORL949 DJ25J61 ORL950 OR17-1 ORL993 ORL994 ORL995 OR5U1 ORL996 OR5V1 ORL997 OR12D3 ORL998 OLFR ORL999

TABLE 6 Canine olfactory receptors, their gene names Name Name Name Name CfOLF1 cOR1J6 cOR52A13 cOR6K5P CfOLF2 cOR1K2 cOR52A14 cOR6K7P CfOLF3 cOR1L6 cOR52A15 cOR6K8 CfOLF4 cOR1L8 cOR52A16P cOR6K9 TPCR62 cOR1L9 cOR52A17 cOR6M4 TPCR63 cOR1M1P cOR52A6 cOR6M5 TPCR64 cOR1M2 cOR52A7 cOR6M6 TPCR71 cOR1P1P cOR52A8 cOR6M7 TPCR72 cOR1P2 cOR52A9 cOR6M8 TPCR79 cOR1R4 cOR52AA1P cOR6n DTMT cOR1S3P cOR52AB1 cOR6N1 DOPCRH01 cOR1X2 cOR52AB2 cOR6P1 DOPCRH02 cOR2A13P cOR52AB3 cOR6Q2 DOPCRH07 cOR2A29 cOR52AB4 cOR6T2 DOPCRX01 cOR2A30 cOR52AC1 cOR6U3 DOPCRX04 cOR2A31 cOR52AD1 cOR6V2 DOPCRX07 cOR2A32 cOR52AE1 cOR6W1 DOPCRX09 cOR2A33 cOR52B10P cOR6Y3 DOPCRX16 cOR2A34P cOR52B2 cOR6Z1 DTPCRH02 cOR2A35 cOR52B6 cOR6Z2 DTPCRH09 cOR2A36 cOR52B7 cOR6Z3 OR4A16/HGPCR0945 cOR2A37 cOR52B8 cOR7A21 cOR7C50P cOR2A38 cOR52B9P cOR7A22P cOR7C49P cOR2A39 cOR52D1P cOR7A23 cOR7H8P cOR2A40 cOR52D2 cOR7A24P cOR13C22P cOR2A7 cOR52D3 cOR7A25P cOR5BW2P cOR2AG1 cOR52D4P cOR7A26 cOR13C20P cOR2AG4P cOR52E10P cOR7A27 cOR5AN4P cOR2AG5P cOR52E11P cOR7A28 cOR10Q4P cOR2AG6 cOR52E12 cOR7C10P cOR13Q2P cOR2AG7 cOR52E13 cOR7C11 cOR5L3P cOR2AG8 cOR52E14 cOR7C12P cOR10J17P cOR2AG9 cOR52E15P cOR7C13 cOR10J15P cOR2AI2 cOR52E16P cOR7C14P cOR2AG5P cOR2AK3 cOR52E17 cOR7C15P cOR1D9P cOR2AT5P cOR52E18 cOR7C16 cOR2AG4P cOR2AT6 cOR52E19P cOR7C17 cOR13N1P cOR2AT7 cOR52E2 cOR7C18P cOR5B22P cOR2AT8P cOR52E20P cOR7C19 cOR7C52 cOR2AV1 cOR52E4 cOR7C20 cOR4Z5 cOR2AV2 cOR52E8 cOR7C21 cOR7D10 cOR2AV3 cOR52E9 cOR7C22 cOR1E12 cOR2AX1P cOR52H1 cOR7C23P cOR4X6 cOR2AX2 cOR52H10P cOR7C24 cOR7G14 cOR2AZ1 cOR52H11 cOR7C25 cOR7H9 cOR2B10P cOR52H2P cOR7C26 cOR5F3 cOR2B2P cOR52H3P cOR7C27 cOR9I5 cOR2B7P cOR52H4 cOR7C28 cOR4Z4 cOR2B9 cOR52H5 cOR7C29P cOR5M22 cOR2BA1P cOR52H6 cOR7C3 cOR9S20 cOR2C1 cOR52H7 cOR7C30 cOR2M12 cOR2C6 cOR52H8 cOR7C31 cOR2L19 cOR2D10P cOR52H9 cOR7C32 cOR7C46 cOR2D2 cOR52I2 cOR7C33P cOR4H14 cOR2D4 cOR52J5 cOR7C34 cOR13C21 cOR2D5P cOR52J6P cOR7C35 cOR7C45 cOR2D6 cOR52J7 cOR7C36 cOR7C44 cOR2D7P cOR52J8 cOR7C37 cOR5D23 cOR2D8 cOR52J9P cOR7C38 cOR4K23 cOR2D9 cOR52K4 cOR7C39 cOR8C6 cOR2G4 cOR52K5 cOR7C4 cOR5L7 cOR2G5 cOR52K6 cOR7C40 cOR2A40 cOR2H8 cOR52L3 cOR7C41 cOR11M3 cOR2H9P cOR52M1P cOR7C42 cOR7H7 cOR2K2 cOR52M5 cOR7C43 cOR7C43 cOR2L15P cOR52M6P cOR7C44 cOR3A13 cOR2L16 cOR52N10 cOR7C45 cOR10J21 cOR2L17 cOR52N11 cOR7C46 cOR3A12 cOR2L18 cOR52N12P cOR7C47 cOR8S16 cOR2L19 cOR52N2P cOR7C48 cOR8J6 cOR2M10 cOR52N6P cOR7C49P cOR7C40 cOR2M11 cOR52N7P cOR7C50P cOR2A36 cOR2M12 cOR52N8 cOR7C51 cOR7C39 cOR2M8 cOR52N9 cOR7C52 cOR7H6 cOR2M9P cOR52P1P cOR7C53 cOR12F3 cOR2Q1P cOR52P2P cOR7C5P cOR7H4 cOR2S3P cOR52P3 cOR7C6 cOR2AY1 cOR2T1 cOR52R2 cOR7C7 cOR2AG6 cOR2T13 cOR52R3P cOR7C8 cOR2A31 cOR2T14P cOR52S2 cOR7C9P cOR7C14 cOR2T15 cOR52S3 cOR7D10 cOR10J16 cOR2T16P cOR52S4P cOR7D4P cOR7H2 cOR2T17 cOR52S5 cOR7D5 cOR7C13 cOR2T18P cOR52U2 cOR7D7 cOR10A9 cOR2T19 cOR52U3P cOR7D8 cOR2D6 cOR2T20 cOR52V2 cOR7D9P cOR7A21 cOR2T21 cOR52W2 cOR7E152 cOR10J13 cOR2T22 cOR52X2 cOR7E153 cOR1D7 cOR2T23 cOR52X3 cOR7E154 cOR1L9 cOR2T24 cOR52Z2 cOR7G10 cOR4Z1 cOR2T25 cOR52Z3 cOR7G11 cOR7C4 cOR2T26 cOR52Z4 cOR7G12 cOR13D4 cOR2V4 cOR52Z5 cOR7G13 cOR7C3 cOR2W10 cOR55B3 cOR7G14 cOR7G4 cOR2W11 cOR55D1 cOR7G4 CfOLF4 cOR2W12 cOR56A10 cOR7G5 CfOLF3 cOR2W13P cOR56A11 cOR7G6 CfOLF2 cOR2W14 cOR56A12 cOR7G7 CfOLF1 cOR2W15 cOR56A13P cOR7G8 cOR10A10 cOR2W16P cOR56A14 cOR7G9 cOR10A11P cOR2W9 cOR56A15 cOR7H2 cOR10A12P cOR2Y2 cOR56A16 cOR7H3P cOR10A13 cOR2Z2 cOR56A17 cOR7H4 cOR10A14 cOR2Z3 cOR56A18 cOR7H5P cOR10A3 cOR2Z4 cOR56A19P cOR7H6 cOR10A4P cOR3A10 cOR56A20 cOR7H7 cOR10A5 cOR3A11 cOR56A21P cOR7H8P cOR10A4P cOR3A12 cOR56A22 cOR7H9 cOR10A8P cOR3A13 cOR56A23 cOR7P1 cOR10A5 cOR3A9 cOR56A24 cOR7R1 cOR10A9 cOR3n cOR56A4 cOR8A1P cOR10A8P cOR4A26 cOR56A6 cOR8B14 cOR10A9 cOR4A27 cOR56A8 cOR8B15 cOR10AB2 cOR4A28 cOR56A9 cOR8B16 cOR10AD1 cOR4A29 cOR56B10P cOR8B17 cOR10AD2 cOR4A30 cOR56B11 cOR8B18 cOR10AD3 cOR4A31P cOR56B12P cOR8B19 cOR10AG2P cOR4A32P cOR56B2 cOR8B1P cOR10AH1P cOR4A33P cOR56B5 cOR8B20 cOR10AI1 cOR4A34 cOR56B6 cOR8B21 cOR10AJ1P cOR4A35 cOR56B7 cOR8B3 cOR10B1P cOR4A36 cOR56B8P cOR8B8 cOR10D1P cOR4A37P cOR56B9P cOR8C4 cOR10D4P cOR4A38 cOR5A2 cOR8C5 cOR10D5P cOR4A39 cOR5A3 cOR8C6 cOR10D7 cOR4A4P cOR5A4P cOR8D2P cOR10D8 cOR4B1 cOR5AC3 cOR8D4 cOR10D9 cOR4B3P cOR5AK6 cOR8D5 cOR10G11 cOR4B4 cOR5AK7 cOR8D6 cOR10G12 cOR4C11P cOR5AL1P cOR8F2 cOR10G13P cOR4C18 cOR5AL3 cOR8F3 cOR10G11 cOR4C19 cOR5AN2P cOR8F4 cOR10G7 cOR4C1P cOR5AN3 cOR8G8P cOR10H10 cOR4C20P cOR5AN4P cOR8G9P cOR10G12 cOR4C21 cOR5AP3 cOR8H4 cOR10G13P cOR4C22P cOR5AP4P cOR8I3P cOR10G7 cOR4C23P cOR5AR1P cOR8J4 cOR10H10 cOR4C24 cOR5B22P cOR8J5 cOR10H11P cOR4C25P cOR5B23 cOR8J6 cOR10H12P cOR4C26 cOR5B24 cOR8J7 cOR10H13 cOR4C27 cOR5B25 cOR8K1 cOR10H14P cOR4C28 cOR5B26 cOR8K6P cOR10H6P cOR4C29 cOR5B27P cOR8S10 cOR10H7 cOR4C3 cOR5B28 cOR8S11 cOR10H8 cOR4C30 cOR5B29 cOR8S12 cOR10H9 cOR4C31 cOR5B30P cOR8S13 cOR10J10P cOR4C32 cOR5B31 cOR8S14 cOR10J11P cOR4C33P cOR5B32 cOR8S15 cOR10J12 cOR4C34 cOR5BA2 cOR8S16 cOR10J13 cOR4C35 cOR5BC2 cOR8S17 cOR10J14 cOR4C36 cOR5BC3 cOR8S18P cOR10J15P cOR4C37 cOR5BG2 cOR8S19P cOR10J16 cOR4C38 cOR5BH3 cOR8S20 cOR10J17P cOR4C39P cOR5BU2 cOR8S2P cOR10J18P cOR4C40 cOR5BV1P cOR8S3P cOR10J19 cOR4C41P cOR5BW1P cOR8S4 cOR10J20 cOR4C42 cOR5BW2P cOR8S5 cOR10J21 cOR4C43 cOR5C1G cOR8S6P cOR10J22 cOR4C44 cOR5D14 cOR8S7 cOR10J23 cOR4D11P cOR5D19 cOR8S8 cOR10J7P cOR4D13 cOR5D20 cOR8S9 cOR10K2 cOR4D14P cOR5D21 cOR8T2 cOR10K3 cOR4D15 cOR5D22 cOR8T3P cOR10K4 cOR4D2P cOR5D23 cOR8T4 cOR10n cOR4D5 cOR5E1P cOR8T5 cOR10N1P cOR4E1P cOR5F3 cOR8U2 cOR10P4P cOR4E3P cOR5G1P cOR8U3 cOR10Q1 cOR4F22 cOR5G3P cOR8U4P cOR10Q4P cOR4F23P cOR5G7P cOR8U5 cOR10Q3 cOR4F24P cOR5G8P cOR8U6 cOR10Q5 cOR4F25 cOR5G9 cOR8U7 cOR10R4 cOR4F26P cOR5H10 cOR8V10 cOR10R5 cOR4F27P cOR5H11 cOR8V11 cOR10R6P cOR4G10 cOR5H12 cOR8V2 cOR10R7 cOR4G7P cOR5H13P cOR8V3 cOR10S2P cOR4G8 cOR5H9 cOR8V4 cOR10T3 cOR4G9 cOR5I1 cOR8V5 cOR10T4P cOR4H13 cOR5I2 cOR8V6 cOR10V4P cOR4H14 cOR5J1P cOR8V7P cOR10V5 cOR4K15P cOR5J3 cOR8V8P cOR10V6 cOR4K18 cOR5J4 cOR8V9 cOR10X2 cOR4K19P cOR5K5 cOR9A7 cOR10Z1 cOR4K20 cOR5K6 cOR9A8 cOR11G10 cOR4K21P cOR5K7 cOR9G1 cOR11G11 cOR4K22 cOR5L1P cOR9G4 cOR11G1P cOR4K23 cOR5L3P cOR9G7 cOR11G3P cOR4K24 cOR5L4P cOR9G8P cOR11G4 cOR4K6P cOR5L5 cOR9I2P cOR11G5P cOR4L1 cOR5L6P cOR9I4P cOR11G6 cOR4L3P cOR5L7 cOR9I5 cOR11G7 cOR4L4 cOR5M12P cOR9K3 cOR11G8 cOR4M3P cOR5M13P cOR9K4 cOR11G9P cOR4M3P cOR5M17P cOR9K5P cOR11H10 cOR4N5 cOR5M16 cOR9K6 cOR11H11P cOR4N6 cOR5M18P cOR9Q3 cOR11H7P cOR4P10 cOR5M19P cOR9R2 cOR11H8 cOR4P5P cOR5M20 cOR9R3P cOR11H9 cOR4P6 cOR5M21 cOR9R4 cOR11I3 cOR4P7 cOR5M22 cOR9S10 cOR11J3 cOR4P8 cOR5M8 cOR9S11 cOR11J4 cOR4P9 cOR5P4P cOR9S12 cOR11K3 cOR4Q4 cOR5P5 cOR9S13 cOR11K4 cOR4Q5 cOR5P6P cOR9S14 cOR11L2 cOR4Q6 cOR5R2 cOR9S15 cOR11M2 cOR4Q7 cOR5T4 cOR9S16 cOR11M3 cOR4S3 cOR5T5 cOR9S17 cOR11S1 cOR4S4 cOR5T6 cOR9S18 cOR11S2 cOR4S5 cOR5T7 cOR9S19 cOR12E1 cOR4S6 cOR5W4 cOR9S1P cOR12E2 cOR4S7P cOR5W5 cOR9S2 cOR12E3 cOR4T2P cOR5W6 cOR9S20 cOR12E4P cOR4X3 cOR5W7 cOR9S21P cOR12E5 cOR4X4 cOR5W8 cOR9S22P cOR12E7P cOR4X5P cOR6A2P cOR9S23 cOR12E8 cOR4X6 cOR6AA1P cOR9S3P cOR12F1 cOR4Y1 cOR6AB1P cOR9S4 cOR12F2P cOR4Y2 cOR6B4 cOR9S5P cOR12G1 cOR4Y3P cOR6B5P cOR9S6 cOR12H1P cOR4Y4 cOR6B6 cOR9S7P cOR12J1 cOR4Y5 cOR6B7 cOR9S8P cOR13C10 cOR4Z1 cOR6B8 cOR9S9P cOR13C11 cOR4Z2 cOR6C10P cOR13C12 cOR4Z3 cOR6C11 cOR13C13P cOR4Z4 cOR6C12 cOR13C14 cOR4Z5 cOR6C13P cOR13C15 cOR51A14P cOR6C14 cOR13C16 cOR51A15P cOR6C15 cOR13C17 cOR51A16 cOR6C16P cOR13C18 cOR51A17 cOR6C17 cOR13C19 cOR51A18 cOR6C18P cOR13C20P cOR51A19 cOR6C19P cOR13C21 cOR51A20P cOR6C20P cOR13C22P cOR51A21 cOR6C21 cOR13C23 cOR51AA1 cOR6C22 cOR13C9 cOR51B10 cOR6C23 cOR13D1 cOR51B4 cOR6C25 cOR13D4 cOR51B7 cOR6C27 cOR13D5 cOR51B8P cOR6C26 cOR13D6P cOR51B9 cOR6C28 cOR13D7P cOR51C4 cOR6C29 cOR13E3 cOR51C5 cOR6C30 cOR13F2P cOR51C6P cOR6C31 cOR13F3 cOR51C7P cOR6C32P cOR13F4 cOR51D2P cOR6C33 cOR13G1 cOR51E2P cOR6C34P cOR13L1 cOR51E4 cOR6C35 cOR13L2 cOR51F2P cOR6C36 cOR13M1 cOR51F2P cOR6C37 cOR13M2P cOR51G2 cOR6C38 cOR13M3 cOR51G4 cOR6C39P cOR13M4 cOR51H3 cOR6C4 cOR13N1P cOR51H4 cOR6C40P cOR13N2 cOR51H5 cOR6C41P cOR13N3P cOR51I1P cOR6C42P cOR13N4 cOR51I2 cOR6C43 cOR13N5 cOR51I3 cOR6C44P cOR13P1 cOR51J3 cOR6C45P cOR13P2P cOR51K1P cOR6C46 cOR13P3 cOR51I4P cOR6C47P cOR13P4 cOR51K2 cOR6C48P cOR13P5 cOR51L2 cOR6C49P cOR13Q1P cOR51L2 cOR6C50P cOR13Q2P cOR51M1 cOR6C51 cOR13Q3 cOR51P3 cOR6C52P cOR13R1 cOR51Q1P cOR6C53P cOR13R2 cOR51Q2P cOR6C54P cOR13S1P cOR51Q3 cOR6C55 cOR1A3P cOR51R2 cOR6C56P cOR1AB2 cOR51T2 cOR6C57P cOR1AB3 cOR51V2 cOR6C58P cOR1AD1 cOR51V3 cOR6C59P cOR1AE1 cOR51V4 cOR6C5P cOR1AF1 cOR51V5P cOR6C6 cOR1AG1P cOR51V5P cOR6C60 cOR1D10 cOR51V6 cOR6C61P cOR1D11P cOR51V6 cOR6C62 cOR1D12 cOR51V7 cOR6C63 cOR1D7 cOR51W1 cOR6C7 cOR1D8 cOR51X1 cOR6C8 cOR1D9P cOR51X2 cOR6C9 cOR1E10 cOR51X3P cOR6D3P cOR1E11 cOR51X4 cOR6D4 cOR1E12 cOR51Z1P cOR6D5 cOR1F14P cOR52A10 cOR6D6P cOR1F15 cOR52A11 cOR6D7P cOR1I2 cOR52A12 cOR6K2P

TABLE 7 Mosquito olfactory receptors, gene symbols Gene Symbol GPRor53 GPRor54 GPRor55 GPRor56 GPRor57 GPRor58 GPRor59 GPRor60 GPRor61 GPRor62 GPRor63 GPRor64 GPRor65 GPRor66 GPRor67 GPRor68 GPRor69 GPRor70 GPRor71 GPRor72 GPRor73 GPRor74 GPRor75 GPRor76 GPRor77 GPRor78 GPRor79 GPRor12 GPRor1 GPRor2 GPRor3 GPRor4 GPRor5 GPRor6 GPRor7 GPRor8 GPRor9 GPRor10 GPRor11 GPRor13 GPRor14 GPRor15 GPRor16 GPRor17 GPRor18 GPRor19 GPRor20 GPRor21 GPRor22 GPRor23 GPRor24 GPRor25 GPRor26 GPRor27 GPRor28 GPRor29 GPRor30 GPRor31 GPRor32 GPRor33 GPRor34 GPRor35 GPRor36 GPRor37 GPRor38 GPRor39 GPRor40 GPRor41 GPRor42 GPRor43 GPRor44 GPRor45 GPRor46 GPRor47 GPRor48 GPRor49 GPRor50 GPRor51 GPRor52

TABLE 8 Other heteromultimeric receptors, gene name, NCBI gene ID numbers and related synonyms NCBI Gene Type Subunit Gene ID Synonyms GABAA gamma-aminobutyric GABRA1 2554 ECA4, EJM, GABA (A) receptor, acid (GABA) A GABA (A) receptor subunit alpha-1, receptor, alpha 1 Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor alpha-1 subunit precursor, Gamma- aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-1 precursor gamma-aminobutyric GABRA2 2555 GABA (A) receptor, GABA (A) acid (GABA) A receptor subunit alpha-2, Gamma- receptor, alpha 2 aminobutyric-acid receptor alpha-2 subunit precursor, Gamma- aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-2 precursor gamma-aminobutyric GABRA3 2556 GABA (A) receptor, GABA (A) acid (GABA) A receptor subunit alpha-3, Gamma- receptor, alpha 3 aminobutyric-acid receptor alpha-3 subunit precursor, Gamma- aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-3 precursor gamma-aminobutyric GABRA4 2557 GABA (A) receptor, GABA (A) acid (GABA) A receptor subunit alpha-4, Gamma- receptor, alpha 4 aminobutyric-acid receptor alpha-4 subunit precursor, Gamma- aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-4 precursor gamma-aminobutyric GABRA5 2558 GABA (A) receptor, GABA (A) acid (GABA) A receptor subunit alpha-5, Gamma- receptor, alpha 5 aminobutyric-acid receptor alpha-5 subunit precursor, Gamma- aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-5 precursor gamma-aminobutyric GABRA6 2559 GABA (A) receptor, GABA (A) acid (GABA) A receptor subunit alpha-6, Gamma- receptor, alpha 6 aminobutyric-acid receptor alpha-6 subunit precursor, Gamma- aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-6 precursor, MGC116903, MGC116904 gamma-aminobutyric GABRB1 2560 GABA (A) receptor, GABA (A) acid (GABA) A receptor subunit beta-1, Gamma- receptor, beta 1 aminobutyric-acid receptor beta-1 subunit precursor, Gamma- aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit beta-1 precursor gamma-aminobutyric GABRB2 2561 GABA (A) receptor, GABA (A) acid (GABA) A receptor subunit beta-2, Gamma- receptor, beta2 aminobutyric-acid receptor beta-2 subunit precursor, Gamma- aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit beta-2 precursor, MGC119386, MGC119388, MGC119389 gamma-aminobutyric GABRB3 2562 GABA (A) receptor, GABA (A) acid (GABA) A receptor subunit beta-3, Gamma- receptor, beta3 aminobutyric-acid receptor beta-3 subunit precursor, Gamma- aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit beta-3 precursor gamma-aminobutyric GABRG1 2565 DKFZp686H2042, GABA (A) acid (GABA) A receptor, GABA (A) receptor subunit receptor, gamma1 gamma-1, Gamma-aminobutyric- acid receptor gamma-1 subunit precursor, Gamma-aminobutyric- acid receptor subunit gamma-1 precursor, MGC33838 gamma-aminobutyric GABRG2 2566 CAE2, ECA2, GABA (A) receptor, acid (GABA) A GABA (A) receptor subunit gamma- receptor, gamma2 2, Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor gamma-2 subunit precursor, Gamma-aminobutyric- acid receptor subunit gamma-2 precursor, GEFSP3 gamma-aminobutyric GABRG3 2567 GABA (A) receptor, GABA (A) acid (GABA) A receptor subunit gamma-3, receptor, gamma3 Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor gamma-3 subunit precursor, Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit gamma-3 precursor gamma-aminobutyric GABRD 2563 GABA (A) receptor, GABA (A) acid (GABA) A receptor subunit delta, Gamma- receptor, delta aminobutyric-acid receptor delta subunit precursor, Gamma- aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit delta precursor gamma-aminobutyric GABRE 2564 GABA (A) receptor, GABA (A) acid (GABA) A receptor subunit epsilon, Gamma- receptor, epsilon aminobutyric-acid receptor epsilon subunit precursor, Gamma- aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit epsilon precursor gamma-aminobutyric GABRP 2568 GABA (A) receptor, GABA (A) acid (GABA) A receptor subunit pi, Gamma- receptor, pi aminobutyric-acid receptor pi subunit precursor, Gamma- aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit pi precursor, MGC126386, MGC126387 gamma-aminobutyric GABRQ 55879 GABA (A) receptor, GABA (A) acid (GABA) A receptor subunit theta, Gamma- receptor, theta aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit theta precursor, Gamma- aminobutyric-acid receptor theta subunit precursor, MGC129629, MGC129630, THETA GABAC gamma-aminobutyric GABRR1 2569 GABA (A) receptor, GABA (A) acid (GABA) receptor, receptor subunit rho-1, Gamma- rho 1 aminobutyric-acid receptor rho-1 subunit precursor, Gamma- aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit rho-1 precursor H gamma-aminobutyric GABRR2 2570 GABA (A) receptor, GABA (A) acid (GABA) receptor, receptor subunit rho-2, Gamma- rho 2 aminobutyric-acid receptor rho-2 subunit precursor, Gamma- aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit rho-2 precursor gamma-aminobutyric GABRR3 200959 gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acid (GABA) receptor, receptor, rho 3 rho 3 nAChR cholinergic receptor, CHRNA1 1134 Acetylcholine receptor protein, nicotinic, alpha 1 alpha subunit precursor, (muscle) Acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha precursor, ACHRA, ACHRD, CHNRA, CHRNA, CMS2A, FCCMS, SCCMS cholinergic receptor, 1134 Acetylcholine receptor protein, nicotinic, alpha 1 alpha subunit precursor, (muscle) Acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha precursor, ACHRA, ACHRD, CHNRA, CHRNA, CMS2A, FCCMS, SCCMS cholinergic receptor, CHRNA2 1135 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor nicotinic, alpha 2 protein, alpha-2 subunit precursor, (neuronal) Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-2 precursor cholinergic receptor, CHRNA3 1136 LNCR2, MGC104879, NACHRA3, nicotinic, alpha 3 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor protein, alpha-3 subunit precursor, Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3 precursor, PAOD2 cholinergic receptor, CHRNA4 1137 BFNC, EBN, EBN1, FLJ95812, nicotinic, alpha 4 NACHR, NACHRA4, NACRA4, Neuronal acetylcholine receptor protein, alpha-4 subunit precursor, Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4 precursor cholinergic receptor, CHRNA5 1138 NACHRA5, Neuronal acetylcholine nicotinic, alpha 5 receptor protein, alpha-5 subunit precursor, Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-5 precursor cholinergic receptor, CHRNA6 8973 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor nicotinic, alpha 6 protein, alpha-6 subunit precursor, Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-6 precursor cholinergic receptor, CHRNA7 1139 CHRNA7-2, NACHRA7, Neuronal nicotinic, alpha 7 acetylcholine receptor protein, alpha-7 subunit precursor, Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7 precursor cholinergic receptor, CHRNA9 55584 HSA243342, MGC142109, nicotinic, alpha 9 MGC142135, NACHRA9, NACHR alpha 9, Neuronal acetylcholine receptor protein, alpha-9 subunit precursor, Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-9 precursor, Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha 9 cholinergic receptor, CHRNA10 57053 NACHRA10, NACHR alpha 10, nicotinic, alpha 10 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor protein, alpha-10 subunit precursor, Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-10 precursor, Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha 10 cholinergic receptor, CHRNB1 1140 Acetylcholine receptor protein, beta nicotinic, beta 1 subunit precursor, Acetylcholine (muscle) receptor subunit beta precursor, ACHRB, CHRNB, CMS1D, CMS2A, SCCMS cholinergic receptor, CHRNB2 1141 EFNL3, nAChRB2, Neuronal nicotinic, beta 2 acetylcholine receptor protein, (neuronal) beta-2 subunit precursor, Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta- 2 precursor cholinergic receptor, CHRNB3 1142 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor nicotinic, beta 3 protein, beta-3 subunit precursor, Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-3 precursor cholinergic receptor, CHRNB4 1143 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor nicotinic, beta 4 protein, beta-4 subunit precursor, Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4 precursor cholinergic receptor, CHRNG 1146 Acetylcholine receptor protein, nicotinic, gamma gamma subunit precursor, Acetylcholine receptor subunit gamma precursor, ACHRG, MGC133376 cholinergic receptor, CHRND 1144 Acetylcholine receptor protein, nicotinic, delta delta subunit precursor, Acetylcholine receptor subunit delta precursor, ACHRD, CMS2A, FCCMS, SCCMS cholinergic receptor, CHRNE 1145 Acetylcholine receptor protein, nicotinic, epsilon epsilon subunit precursor, Acetylcholine receptor subunit epsilon precursor, ACHRE, CMS1D, CMS1E, CMS2A, FCCMS, SCCMS 5-HT3 5-hydroxytryptamine HTR3A 3359 5-HT-3, 5-HT3A, 5HT3R, 5-HT3R, (serotonin) receptor 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 receptor 3A precursor, HTR3, Serotonin-gated ion channel receptor 5-hydroxytryptamine HTR3B 9177 5-HT3B (serotonin) receptor 3B 5-hydroxytryptamine HTR3C 170572 none (serotonin) receptor 3C 5-hydroxytryptamine HTR3D 200909 MGC119636, MGC119637 (serotonin) receptor 3D 5-hydroxytryptamine HTR3E 285242 5-HT3c1, MGC120035, (serotonin) receptor MGC120036, MGC120037 3E Glycine glycine receptor, alpha 1 GLRA1 2741 glycine receptor, alpha 1 (startle (GlyR) disease/hyperekplexia, stiff man syndrome), Glycine receptor 48 kDa subunit, Glycine receptor alpha-1 chain precursor, Glycine receptor strychnine-binding subunit, Glycine receptor subunit alpha-1 precursor, MGC138878, MGC138879, STHE, Strychnine- binding subunit glycine receptor, alpha 2 GLRA2 2742 Glycine receptor alpha-2 chain precursor, Glycine receptor subunit alpha-2 precursor glycine receptor, alpha 3 GLRA3 8001 Glycine receptor alpha-3 chain precursor, Glycine receptor subunit alpha-3 precursor glycine receptor, alpha 4 GLRA4 441509 none glycine receptor, beta GLRB 2743 Glycine receptor 58 kDa subunit, Glycine receptor beta chain precursor, Glycine receptor subunit beta precursor Glutamate glutamate receptor, GRIA1 2890 AMPA-selective glutamate receptor receptors: ionotropic, AMPA 1 1, GLUH1, GLUR1, GluR-1, GLURA, GluR-A, GluR-K1, Glutamate receptor 1 precursor, Glutamate receptor ionotropic, AMPA 1, HBGR1, MGC133252 glutamate receptor, GRIA2 2891 AMPA-selective glutamate receptor ionotropic, AMPA 2 2, GLUR2, GluR-2, GLURB, GluR- B, GluR-K2, Glutamate receptor 2 precursor, Glutamate receptor ionotropic, AMPA 2, HBGR2 glutamate receptor, GRIA3 2892 AMPA-selective glutamate receptor ionotrophic, AMPA 3 3, GLUR3, GluR-3, GLURC, gluR- C, GluR-C, GLUR-C, GluR-K3, GLUR-K3, Glutamate receptor 3 precursor, Glutamate receptor ionotropic, AMPA 3, MRX94 glutamate receptor, GRIA4 2893 AMPA-selective glutamate receptor ionotrophic, AMPA 4 4, GluR4, GLUR4, GluR-4, GLUR4C, GLURD, GluR-D, Glutamate receptor 4 precursor, Glutamate receptor ionotropic, AMPA 4 glutamate receptor, GRIK1 2897 EAA3, EEA3, Excitatory amino acid ionotropic, kainate 1 receptor 3, GLR5, GluR5, GLUR5, GluR-5, Glutamate receptor, ionotropic kainate 1 precursor, Glutamate receptor 5 glutamate receptor, GRIK2 2898 EAA4, Excitatory amino acid ionotropic, kainate 2 receptor 4, GLR6, GLUK6, GluR6, GLUR6, GluR-6, Glutamate receptor, ionotropic kainate 2 precursor, Glutamate receptor 6, MGC74427, MRT6 glutamate receptor, GRIK3 2899 EAA5, Excitatory amino acid ionotropic, kainate 3 receptor 5, GLR7, GluR7, GLUR7, GluR-7, GluR7a, Glutamate receptor, ionotropic kainate 3 precursor, Glutamate receptor 7 glutamate receptor, GRIK4 2900 EAA1, Excitatory amino acid ionotropic, kainate 4 receptor 1, Glutamate receptor, ionotropic kainate 4 precursor, Glutamate receptor KA-1, GRIK, KA1 glutamate receptor, GRIK5 2901 EAA2, Excitatory amino acid ionotropic, kainate 5 receptor 2, Glutamate receptor, ionotropic kainate 5 precursor, Glutamate receptor KA-2, GRIK2, KA2 glutamate receptor, GRIN1 2902 NMDA1, NMDAR1, N-methyl-D- ionotropic, N-methyl aspartate receptor subunit NR1, D-aspartate 1 NR1 glutamate receptor, GRINL1A 81488 none ionotropic, N-methyl D-aspartate-like 1A glutamate receptor, GRINL1B 84534 GLURR2 ionotropic, N-methyl D-aspartate-like 1B glutamate receptor, GRIN2A 2903 hNR2A, NMDAR2A, N-methyl D- ionotropic, N-methyl aspartate receptor subtype 2A, D-aspartate 2A NR2A glutamate receptor, GRIN2B 2904 hNR3, MGC142178, MGC142180, ionotropic, N-methyl NMDAR2B, N-methyl D-aspartate D-aspartate 2B receptor subtype 2B, N-methyl-D- aspartate receptor subunit 3, NR2B, NR3 glutamate receptor, GRIN2C 2905 NMDAR2C, N-methyl D-aspartate ionotropic, N-methyl receptor subtype 2C, NR2C D-aspartate 2C glutamate receptor, GRIN2D 2906 EB11, NMDAR2D, N-methyl D- ionotropic, N-methyl aspartate receptor subtype 2D, D-aspartate 2D NR2D glutamate receptor, GRIN3A 116443 FLJ45414, KIAA1973, NMDAR-L, ionotropic, N-methyl- N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor D-aspartate 3A subtype NR3A, NR3A GluN3B GRIN3B ATP- purinergic receptor P2RX1 5023 ATP receptor, P2X1, P2X gated P2X, ligand-gated ion purinoceptor 1, Purinergic receptor channels: channel, 1 purinergic receptor P2RX2 22953 ATP receptor, MGC129601, P2X2, P2X, ligand-gated ion P2X purinoceptor 2, Purinergic channel, 2 receptor purinergic receptor P2RX3 5024 ATP receptor, MGC129956, P2X3, P2X, ligand-gated ion P2X purinoceptor 3, Purinergic channel, 3 receptor purinergic receptor P2RX4 5025 ATP receptor, P2X4, P2X4R, P2X P2X, ligand-gated ion purinoceptor 4, Purinergic receptor channel, 4 purinergic receptor P2RX5 5026 ATP receptor, MGC47755, P2X5, P2X, ligand-gated ion P2X5R, P2X purinoceptor 5, channel, 5 Purinergic receptor purinergic receptor P2RX6 9127 ATP receptor, MGC129625, P2X, ligand-gated ion P2RXL1, P2X6, P2XM, P2X channel, 6 purinoceptor 6, Purinergic receptor, Purinergic receptor P2X-like 1, purinergic receptor P2X-like 1, orphan receptor purinergic receptor P2RX7 5027 ATP receptor, MGC20089, P2X7, P2X, ligand-gated ion P2X purinoceptor 7, P2Z receptor, channel, 7 Purinergic receptor ENaC/ sodium channel, SCNN1A 6337 Alpha ENaC, Alpha NaCH, DEG nonvoltage-gated 1 Amiloride-sensitive sodium channel family alpha alpha-subunit, Amiloride-sensitive sodium channel subunit alpha, ENaCa, ENaCalpha, Epithelial Na (+) channel subunit alpha, Epithelial Na+ channel alpha subunit, FLJ21883, Nonvoltage- gated sodium channel 1 alpha subunit, Nonvoltage-gated sodium channel 1 subunit alpha, SCNEA, SCNN1 sodium channel, SCNN1B 6338 Amiloride-sensitive sodium channel nonvoltage-gated 1, beta-subunit, Amiloride-sensitive beta sodium channel subunit beta, Beta ENaC, Beta NaCH, ENaCb, ENaCB, ENaCbeta, Epithelial Na (+) channel subunit beta, Epithelial Na+ channel beta subunit, Nonvoltage-gated sodium channel 1 beta subunit, Nonvoltage-gated sodium channel 1 subunit beta, SCNEB, sodium channel, nonvoltage-gated 1, beta (Liddle syndrome) sodium channel, SCNN1G 6340 Amiloride-sensitive sodium channel nonvoltage-gated 1, gamma-subunit, Amiloride-sensitive gamma sodium channel subunit gamma, ENaCg, ENaCgamma, Epithelial Na (+) channel subunit gamma, Epithelial Na+ channel gamma subunit, Gamma ENaC, Gamma NaCH, Nonvoltage-gated sodium channel 1 gamma subunit, Nonvoltage-gated sodium channel 1 subunit gamma, PHA1, SCNEG sodium channel, SCNN1D 6339 Amiloride-sensitive sodium channel nonvoltage-gated 1, delta-subunit, Amiloride-sensitive delta sodium channel subunit delta, Delta ENaC, Delta NaCH, dNaCh, DNACH, ENaCd, ENaCdelta, Epithelial Na (+) channel subunit delta, Epithelial Na+ channel delta subunit, MGC149710, MGC149711, Nonvoltage-gated sodium channel 1 delta subunit, Nonvoltage-gated sodium channel 1 subunit delta, SCNED amiloride-sensitive ACCN2 41 Acid-sensing ion channel 1, cation channel 1, Amiloride-sensitive cation channel neuronal 2, neuronal, ASIC, ASIC1, ASIC1A, BNaC2, BNAC2, Brain sodium channel 2, hBNaC2 amiloride-sensitive ACCN1 40 ACCN, Acid-sensing ion channel 2, cation channel 2, Amiloride-sensitive brain sodium neuronal channel, Amiloride-sensitive cation channel 1, neuronal, amiloride- sensitive cation channel 1, neuronal (degenerin), Amiloride- sensitive cation channel neuronal 1, ASIC2, ASIC2a, BNaC1, BNAC1, BNC1, Brain sodium channel 1, hBNaC1, Mammalian degenerin homolog, MDEG amiloride-sensitive ACCN3 9311 Acid-sensing ion channel 3, cation channel 3 Amiloride-sensitive cation channel 3, ASIC3, DRASIC, hASIC3, hTNaC1, SLNAC1, Testis sodium channel 1, TNaC1, TNAC1 amiloride-sensitive ACCN4 55515 Acid-sensing ion channel 4, cation channel 4, Amiloride-sensitive cation channel pituitary 4, Amiloride-sensitive cation channel 4, pituitary, ASIC4, BNAC4, MGC17248, MGC24860 amiloride-sensitive ACCN5 51802 HINAC, INAC cation channel 5, intestinal TRP transient receptor TRPA1 8989 ANKTM1, Ankyrin-like with family potential cation transmembrane domains protein 1, channel, subfamily A, Transformation sensitive-protein member 1 p120, Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1 transient receptor TRPC1 7220 HTRP-1, MGC133334, potential cation MGC133335, Short transient channel, subfamily C, receptor potential channel 1, TRP1, member 1 TRP-1 protein, TrpC1 transient receptor TRPC2 7221 transient receptor potential cation potential cation channel, subfamily C, member 2, channel, subfamily C, transient receptor potential channel 2 member 2 (pseudogene) transient receptor TRPC3 7222 Htrp3, Htrp-3, Short transient potential cation receptor potential channel 3, TRP3, channel, subfamily C, TrpC3 member 3 transient receptor TRPC4 7223 hTrp4, HTRP4, hTrp-4, potential cation MGC119570, MGC119571, channel, subfamily C, MGC119572, MGC119573, Short member 4 transient receptor potential channel 4, TRP4, TrpC4, trp-related protein 4, Trp-related protein 4 transient receptor TRPC4AP 26133 C20orf188, dJ756N5.2, potential cation DKFZp586C1223, channel, subfamily C, DKFZP727M231, Protein TRUSS, member 4 associated Short transient receptor potential protein channel 4-associated protein, TAP1 protein, TNF-receptor ubiquitous scaffolding/signaling protein, Trp4- associated protein, Trpc4- associated protein, TRRP4AP, TRUSS, TRUSS protein transient receptor TRPC5 7224 Htrp5, Htrp-5, Short transient potential cation receptor potential channel 5, TRP5, channel, subfamily C, TrpC5 member 5 transient receptor TRPC6 7225 FLJ11098, FLJ14863, FSGS2, potential cation Short transient receptor potential channel, subfamily C, channel 6, TRP6, TrpC6 member 6 transient receptor TRPC6P 644218 LOC644218, similar to transient potential cation receptor potential cation channel, channel, subfamily C, subfamily C, member 6, TRPC6L member 6 pseudogene transient receptor TRPC7 57113 Short transient receptor potential potential cation channel 7, TRP7, TRP7 protein, channel, subfamily C, TrpC7 member 7 transient receptor TRPM1 4308 LTRPC1, MLSN, MLSN1 potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 1 transient receptor TRPM2 7226 EREG1, Estrogen-responsive potential cation element-associated gene 1 protein, channel, subfamily M, KNP3, Long transient receptor member 2 potential channel 2, LTrpC2, LTRPC2, LTrpC-2, MGC133383, NUDT9H, NUDT9L1, Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 2, Transient receptor potential channel 7, TrpC7, TRPC7 transient receptor TRPM3 80036 GON-2, KIAA1616, Long transient potential cation receptor potential channel 3, channel, subfamily M, LTrpC3, LTRPC3, Melastatin-2, member 3 MLSN2, Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 3 transient receptor TRPM4 54795 Calcium-activated non-selective potential cation cation channel 1, FLJ20041, channel, subfamily M, hTRPM4, Long transient receptor member 4 potential channel 4, LTRPC4, Melastatin-4, Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 4, TRPM4B transient receptor TRPM5 29850 LTRPC5, MTR1 potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 5 transient receptor TRPM6 140803 CHAK2, Channel kinase 2, potential cation FLJ22628, HMGX, HOMG, channel, subfamily M, HOMG1, HSH, Melastatin-related member 6 TRP cation channel 6, Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 6 transient receptor TRPM7 54822 CHAK, CHAK1, Channel-kinase 1, potential cation FLJ20117, FLJ25718, Long channel, subfamily M, transient receptor potential channel member 7 7, LTrpC7, LTRPC7, Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 7, TRP-PLIK transient receptor TRPM8 79054 Long transient receptor potential potential cation channel 6, LTrpC6, LTRPC6, channel, subfamily M, MGC2849, Transient receptor member 8 potential cation channel subfamily M member 8, Transient receptor potential-p8, TRPP8, Trp-p8 trichorhinophalangeal TRPS1 7227 GC79, LGCR, MGC134928, Trichorhino- syndrome I phalangeal syndrome type I protein, Zinc finger protein GC79, Zinc finger transcription factor Trps1 tRNA TRPT1 83707 MGC11134, tRNA 2′- phosphotransferase 1 phosphotransferase 1 transient receptor TRPV1 7442 Capsaicin receptor, potential cation DKFZp434K0220, osm-9-like TRP channel, subfamily V, channel 1, OTRPC1, Transient member 1 receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1, TrpV1, Vanilloid receptor 1, VR1 transient receptor TRPV2 51393 MGC12549, osm-9-like TRP potential cation channel 2, OTRPC2, Transient channel, subfamily V, receptor potential cation channel member 2 subfamily V member 2, TrpV2, Vanilloid receptor-like protein 1, VRL, VRL1, VRL-1 transient receptor TRPV3 162514 Transient receptor potential cation potential cation channel subfamily V member 3, channel, subfamily V, TrpV3, Vanilloid receptor-like 3, member 3 VRL3, VRL-3 transient receptor TRPV4 59341 osm-9-like TRP channel 4, potential cation OTRPC4, Transient receptor channel, subfamily V, potential cation channel subfamily member 4 V member 4, Transient receptor potential protein 12, TRP12, TrpV4, Vanilloid receptor-like channel 2, Vanilloid receptor-like protein 2, Vanilloid receptor-related osmotically-activated channel, VRL2, VRL-2, VROAC, VR-OAC transient receptor TRPV5 56302 Calcium transport protein 2, CaT2, potential cation CAT2, ECaC, ECaC1, ECAC1, channel, subfamily V, Epithelial calcium channel 1, osm- member 5 9-like TRP channel 3, OTRPC3, Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 5, TrpV5 transient receptor TRPV6 55503 ABP/ZF, Calcium transport protein potential cation 1, CaT1, CAT1, CATL, CaT-L, channel, subfamily V, CaT-like, ECaC2, ECAC2, member 6 Epithelial calcium channel 2, HSA277909, LP6728, Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 6, TrpV6, ZFAB CNG cyclic nucleotide gated CNGA1 1259 cGMP-gated cation channel alpha family channel alpha 1 1, CNCG, CNCG1, CNG1, CNG-1, CNG channel alpha 1, Cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel 1, Cyclic-nucleotide-gated cation channel 1, Cyclic nucleotide gated channel, photoreceptor, Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel, photoreceptor, Cyclic nucleotide gated channel alpha 1, Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel alpha 1, RCNC1, RCNCa, RCNCalpha, Rod photoreceptor cGMP-gated channel alpha subunit, Rod photoreceptor cGMP-gated channel subunit alpha cyclic nucleotide gated CNGA2 1260 CNCA, CNCA1, CNCG2, CNG2, channel alpha 2 CNG-2, CNG channel 2, Cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel 2, Cyclic nucleotide-gated olfactory channel, FLJ46312, OCNC1, OCNCa, OCNCalpha, OCNCALPHA cyclic nucleotide gated CNGA3 1261 ACHM2, CCNC1, CCNCa, channel alpha 3 CCNCalpha, CNCG3, CNG3, CNG- 3, CNG channel alpha 3, Cone photoreceptor cGMP-gated channel alpha subunit, Cone photoreceptor cGMP-gated channel subunit alpha, Cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel alpha 3, Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel alpha 3 cyclic nucleotide gated CNGA4 338753, CNCA2, CNG5, CNGB2, channel alpha 4 1262 MGC126168, MGC126169, OCNC2, OCNCb, OCNCBETA cyclic nucleotide gated CNGB1 1258 CNCG2, CNCG3L, CNCG4, CNG4, channel beta 1 CNG-4, CNGB1B, CNG channel 4, Cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel 4, Cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel modulatory subunit, GAR1, GARP, RCNC2, RCNCb, RCNCbeta cyclic nucleotide gated CNGB3 54714 ACHM1, ACHM3, CNG channel channel beta 3 beta 3, Cone photoreceptor cGMP- gated channel beta subunit, Cone photoreceptor cGMP-gated channel subunit beta, Cyclic nucleotide- gated cation channel beta 3, Cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel modulatory subunit, Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel beta 3, RMCH, RMCH1 HCN hyperpolarization HCN1 348980 BCNG1, BCNG-1, Brain cyclic family activated cyclic nucleotide gated channel 1, Brain nucleotide-gated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 1, potassium channel 1 HAC-2, Potassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 1 hyperpolarization HCN2 610 BCNG2, BCNG-2, Brain cyclic activated cyclic nucleotide gated channel 2, Brain nucleotide-gated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 2, potassium channel 2 HAC-1, Potassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 2 hyperpolarization HCN3 57657 KIAA1535, MGC131493, activated cyclic Potassium/sodium nucleotide-gated hyperpolarization-activated cyclic potassium channel 3 nucleotide-gated channel 3 hyperpolarization HCN4 10021 Potassium/sodium activated cyclic hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated nucleotide-gated channel 4 potassium channel 4 KCN potassium voltage- KCNA1 3736 AEMK, EA1, HBK1, HUK1, HUKI, family gated channel, Kv1.1, KV1.1, MBK1, MGC126782, shaker-related MGC138385, MK1, Potassium subfamily, member 1 voltage-gated channel subfamily A (episodic ataxia with member 1, RBK1, Voltage-gated myokymia) potassium channel subunit Kv1.1 potassium voltage- KCNA2 3737 HBK5, HK4, HUKIV, Kv1.2, KV1.2, gated channel, MGC50217, MK2, NGK1, shaker-related Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily, member 2 subfamily A member 2, RBK2, Voltage-gated potassium channel subunit Kv1.2 potassium voltage- KCNA3 3738 HGK5, HLK3, HPCN3, HuKIII, gated channel, HUKIII, Kv1.3, KV1.3, MK3, PCN3, shaker-related Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily, member 3 subfamily A member 3, Voltage- gated potassium channel subunit Kv1.3 potassium voltage- KCNA4 3739 HBK4, HK1, HPCN2, HUKII, gated channel, KCNA4L, KCNA8, Kv1.4, KV1.4, shaker-related PCN2, Potassium voltage-gated subfamily, member 4 channel subfamily A member 4, Voltage-gated potassium channel subunit Kv1.4 potassium voltage- KCNA5 3741 ATFB7, HCK1, HK2, HPCN1, gated channel, Kv1.5, KV1.5, MGC117058, shaker-related MGC117059, PCN1, Potassium subfamily, member 5 voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 5, Voltage-gated potassium channel subunit Kv1.5 potassium voltage- KCNA6 3742 FLJ25134, HBK2, Kv1.6, KV1.6, gated channel, Potassium voltage-gated channel shaker-related subfamily A member 6, Voltage- subfamily, member 6 gated potassium channel subunit Kv1.6 potassium voltage- KCNA7 3743 HAK6, Kv1.7, KV1.7 gated channel, shaker-related subfamily, member 7 potassium voltage- KCNA10 3744 Kcn1, Kv1.8 gated channel, shaker-related subfamily, member 10 potassium voltage- KCNAB1 7881 AKR6A3, hKvb3, hKvBeta3, K (+) gated channel, channel beta-1 subunit, K (+) shaker-related channel subunit beta-1, KCNA1B, subfamily, beta Kvb1.3, Kv-beta-1, KV-BETA-1, member 1 Voltage-gated potassium channel beta-1 subunit, Voltage-gated potassium channel subunit beta-1 potassium voltage- KCNAB2 8514 AKR6A5, HKvbeta2, HKvbeta2.1, gated channel, HKvbeta2.2, K (+) channel beta-2 shaker-related subunit, K (+) channel subunit beta- subfamily, beta 2, KCNA2B, KCNK2, Kv-beta-2, member 2 KV-BETA-2, MGC117289, Voltage- gated potassium channel beta-2 subunit, Voltage-gated potassium channel subunit beta-2 potassium voltage- KCNAB3 9196 AKR6A9, K (+) channel beta-3 gated channel, subunit, K (+) channel subunit beta- shaker-related 3, KCNA3.1B, KCNA3B, Kv-beta-3, subfamily, beta KV-BETA-3, MGC116886, Voltage- member 3 gated potassium channel beta-3 subunit, Voltage-gated potassium channel subunit beta-3 potassium voltage- KCNB1 3745 DRK1, h-DRK1, Kv2.1, KV2.1, gated channel, Shab- Potassium voltage-gated channel related subfamily, subfamily B member 1, Voltage- member 1 gated potassium channel subunit Kv2.1 potassium voltage- KCNB2 9312 Kv2.2, Potassium voltage-gated gated channel, Shab- channel subfamily B member 2, related subfamily, Voltage-gated potassium channel member 2 subunit Kv2.2 potassium voltage- KCNC1 3746 FLJ41162, FLJ42249, FLJ43491, gated channel, Shaw- Kv3.1, KV3.1, Kv4, KV4, related subfamily, MGC129855, NGK2, Potassium member 1 voltage-gated channel subfamily C member 1, Voltage-gated potassium channel subunit Kv3.1 potassium voltage- KCNC2 3747 Kv3.2, KV3.2, MGC138196 gated channel, Shaw- related subfamily, member 2 potassium voltage- KCNC3 3748 KSHIIID, Kv3.3, KV3.3, Potassium gated channel, Shaw- voltage-gated channel subfamily C related subfamily, member 3, SCA13, Voltage-gated member 3 potassium channel subunit Kv3.3 potassium voltage- KCNC4 3749 HKSHIIIC, KSHIIIC, Kv3.4, KV3.4, gated channel, Shaw- MGC126818, Potassium voltage- related subfamily, gated channel subfamily C member member 4 4, Voltage-gated potassium channel subunit Kv3.4 potassium voltage- KCND1 3750 Kv4.1, Potassium voltage-gated gated channel, Shal- channel subfamily D member 1, related subfamily, Voltage-gated potassium channel member 1 subunit Kv4.1 potassium voltage- KCND2 3751 KIAA1044, Kv4.2, KV4.2, gated channel, Shal- MGC119702, MGC119703, related subfamily, Potassium voltage-gated channel member 2 subfamily D member 2, RK5, Voltage-gated potassium channel subunit Kv4.2 potassium voltage- KCND3 3752 KCND3L, KCND3S, KSHIVB, gated channel, Shal- Kv4.3, KV4.3, MGC142035, related subfamily, MGC142037, Potassium voltage- member 3 gated channel subfamily D member 3, Voltage-gated potassium channel subunit Kv4.3 potassium voltage- KCNE1 3753 Delayed rectifier potassium channel gated channel, Isk- subunit IsK, FLJ18426, FLJ38123, related family, FLJ94103, IKs producing slow member 1 voltage-gated potassium channel beta subunit Mink, IKs producing slow voltage-gated potassium channel subunit beta Mink, ISK, JLNS, JLNS2, LQT2/5, LQT5, MGC33114, Minimal potassium channel, minK, MinK, Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily E member 1 KCNE1-like KCNE1L 23630 AMMECR2 protein, AMME syndrome candidate gene 2 protein, Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily E member 1-like protein potassium voltage- KCNE2 9992 LQT5, LQT6, MGC138292, gated channel, Isk- Minimum potassium ion channel- related family, related peptide 1, MinK-related member 2 peptide 1, MiRP1, MIRP1, Potassium channel beta subunit MiRP1, Potassium channel subunit beta MiRP1, Potassium voltage- gated channel subfamily E member 2 potassium voltage- KCNE3 10008 DKFZp781H21101, HOKPP, gated channel, Isk- MGC102685, MGC129924, related family, Minimum potassium ion channel- member 3 related peptide 2, MinK-related peptide 2, MiRP2, Potassium channel beta subunit MiRP2, Potassium channel subunit beta MiRP2, Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily E member 3 potassium voltage- KCNE4 23704 MGC20353, Minimum potassium gated channel, Isk- ion channel-related peptide 3, related family, MinK-related peptide 3, MiRP3, member 4 MIRP3, Potassium channel beta subunit MiRP3, Potassium channel subunit beta MiRP3, Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily E member 4 potassium voltage- KCNF1 3754 IK8, KCNF, kH1, Kv5.1, KV5.1, gated channel, MGC33316, Potassium voltage- subfamily F, member 1 gated channel subfamily F member 1, Voltage-gated potassium channel subunit Kv5.1 potassium voltage- KCNG1 3755 K13, KCNG, kH2, Kv6.1, KV6.1, gated channel, MGC12878, Potassium voltage- subfamily G, member 1 gated channel subfamily G member 1, Voltage-gated potassium channel subunit Kv6.1 potassium voltage- KCNG2 26251 Cardiac potassium channel subunit, gated channel, KCNF2, Kv6.2, KV6.2, Potassium subfamily G, member 2 voltage-gated channel subfamily G member 2, Voltage-gated potassium channel subunit Kv6.2 potassium voltage- KCNG3 170850 Kv10.1, KV10.1, Kv6.3, KV6.3, gated channel, Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily G, member 3 subfamily G member 3, Voltage- gated potassium channel subunit Kv6.3 potassium voltage- KCNG4 93107 KCNG3, Kv6.3, KV6.3, Kv6.4, gated channel, KV6.4, MGC129609, MGC4558, subfamily G, member 4 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily G member 4, Voltage- gated potassium channel subunit Kv6.4 potassium voltage- KCNH1 3756 eag, EAG, eag1, EAG1, Ether-a- gated channel, go-go potassium channel 1, h-eag, subfamily H (eag- hEAG1, Kv10.1, MGC142269, related), member 1 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 1, Voltage- gated potassium channel subunit Kv10.1 potassium voltage- KCNH2 3757 eag homolog, Eag-related protein gated channel, 1, ERG, erg1, Erg1, ERG1, Ether- subfamily H (eag- a-go-go related gene potassium related), member 2 channel 1, Ether-a-go-go-related gene potassium channel 1, Ether-a- go-go related protein 1, Ether-a-go- go-related protein 1, HERG, H- ERG, HERG1, Kv11.1, LQT2, Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2, SQT1, Voltage-gated potassium channel subunit Kv11.1 potassium voltage- KCNH3 23416 BEC1, Brain-specific eag-like gated channel, channel 1, elk2, ELK2, ELK subfamily H (eag- channel 2, Ether-a-go-go-like related), member 3 potassium channel 2, KIAA1282, Kv12.2, Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 3, Voltage-gated potassium channel subunit Kv12.2 potassium voltage- KCNH4 23415 BEC2, Brain-specific eag-like gated channel, channel 2, elk1, ELK1, ELK subfamily H (eag- channel 1, Ether-a-go-go-like related), member 4 potassium channel 1, Kv12.3, Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 4, Voltage- gated potassium channel subunit Kv12.3 potassium voltage- KCNH5 27133 eag2, Eag2, EAG2, Ether-a-go-go gated channel, potassium channel 2, hEAG2, H- subfamily H (eag- EAG2, Kv10.2, Potassium voltage- related), member 5 gated channel subfamily H member 5, Voltage-gated potassium channel subunit Kv10.2 potassium voltage- KCNH6 81033 Eag-related protein 2, erg2, ERG2, gated channel, Ether-a-go-go-related gene subfamily H (eag- potassium channel 2, Ether-a-go- related), member 6 go-related protein 2, HERG2, Kv11.2, Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 6, Voltage-gated potassium channel subunit Kv11.2 potassium voltage- KCNH7 90134 Eag-related protein 3, erg3, ERG3, gated channel, Ether-a-go-go-related gene subfamily H (eag- potassium channel 3, Ether-a-go- related), member 7 go-related protein 3, HERG3, HERG-3, Kv11.3, MGC45986, Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 7, Voltage- gated potassium channel subunit Kv11.3 potassium voltage- KCNH8 131096 ELK, ELK1, elk3, ELK3, ELK gated channel, channel 3, Ether-a-go-go-like subfamily H (eag- potassium channel 3, hElk1, related), member 8 Kv12.1, Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 8, Voltage-gated potassium channel subunit Kv12.1 Kv channel interacting KCNIP1 30820 A-type potassium channel protein 1 modulatory protein 1, KChIP1, KCHIP1, Kv channel-interacting protein 1, MGC95, Potassium channel-interacting protein 1, VABP, Vesicle APC-binding protein Kv channel interacting KCNIP2 30819 A-type potassium channel protein 2 modulatory protein 2, Cardiac voltage gated potassium channel modulatory subunit, Cardiac voltage-gated potassium channel modulatory subunit, DKFZp566L1246, KChIP2, KCHIP2, Kv channel-interacting protein 2, MGC17241, Potassium channel-interacting protein 2 Kv channel interacting KCNIP3 30818 A-type potassium channel protein 3, calsenilin modulatory protein 3, calsenilin, Calsenilin, CSEN, DREAM, DRE- antagonist modulator, KChIP3, KCHIP3, Kv channel-interacting protein 3, MGC18289 Kv channel interacting KCNIP4 80333 A-type potassium channel protein 4 modulatory protein 4, CALP, Calsenilin-like protein, KChIP4, KCHIP4, Kv channel-interacting protein 4, MGC44947, Potassium channel-interacting protein 4 potassium inwardly- KCNJ1 3758 ATP-regulated potassium channel rectifying channel, ROM-K, ATP-sensitive inward subfamily J, member 1 rectifier potassium channel 1, Kir1.1, KIR1.1, Potassium channel, inwardly rectifying subfamily J member 1, ROMK, ROMK1 potassium inwardly- KCNJ2 3759 Cardiac inward rectifier potassium rectifying channel, channel, HHBIRK1, HHIRK1, subfamily J, member 2 HIRK1, Inward rectifier K (+) channel Kir2.1, Inward rectifier potassium channel 2, IRK1, Kir2.1, KIR2.1, LQT7, Potassium channel, inwardly rectifying subfamily J member 2, SQT3 potassium inwardly- KCNJ3 3760 GIRK1, G protein-activated inward rectifying channel, rectifier potassium channel 1, subfamily J, member 3 Inward rectifier K (+) channel Kir3.1, KGA, Kir3.1, KIR3.1, Potassium channel, inwardly rectifying subfamily J member 3 potassium inwardly- KCNJ4 3761 Hippocampal inward rectifier, HIR, rectifying channel, hIRK2, HIRK2, HRK1, Inward subfamily J, member 4 rectifier K (+) channel Kir2.3, Inward rectifier potassium channel 4, IRK3, Kir2.3, MGC142066, MGC142068, Potassium channel, inwardly rectifying subfamily J member 4 potassium inwardly- KCNJ5 3762 Cardiac inward rectifier, CIR, rectifying channel, GIRK4, G protein-activated inward subfamily J, member 5 rectifier potassium channel 4, Heart KATP channel, Inward rectifier K (+) channel Kir3.4, KATP1, KATP-1, Kir3.4, KIR3.4, Potassium channel, inwardly rectifying subfamily J member 5 potassium inwardly- KCNJ6 3763 BIR1, GIRK2, G protein-activated rectifying channel, inward rectifier potassium channel subfamily J, member 6 2, hiGIRK2, Inward rectifier K (+) channel Kir3.2, KATP2, KATP-2, KCNJ7, Kir3.2, KIR3.2, MGC126596, Potassium channel, inwardly rectifying subfamily J member 6 potassium inwardly- KCNJ8 3764 ATP-sensitive inward rectifier rectifying channel, potassium channel 8, Inwardly subfamily J, member 8 rectifier K (+) channel Kir6.1, Kir6.1, KIR6.1, Potassium channel, inwardly rectifying subfamily J member 8, uKATP-1 potassium inwardly- KCNJ9 3765 GIRK3, G protein-activated inward rectifying channel, rectifier potassium channel 3, subfamily J, member 9 Inwardly rectifier K (+) channel Kir3.3, Kir3.3, KIR3.3, Potassium channel, inwardly rectifying subfamily J member 9 potassium inwardly- KCNJ10 3766 ATP-dependent inwardly rectifying rectifying channel, potassium channel Kir4.1, ATP- subfamily J, member sensitive inward rectifier potassium 10 channel 10, BIRK-10, Inward rectifier K (+) channel Kir1.2, KCNJ13-PEN, Kir1.2, KIR1.2, Kir4.1, KIR4.1, Potassium channel, inwardly rectifying subfamily J member 10 potassium inwardly- KCNJ11 3767 ATP-sensitive inward rectifier rectifying channel, potassium channel 11, BIR, HHF2, subfamily J, member IKATP, Inward rectifier K (+) 11 channel Kir6.2, Kir6.2, KIR6.2, MGC133230, PHHI, Potassium channel, inwardly rectifying subfamily J member 11, TNDM3 potassium inwardly- KCNJ12 3768 ATP-sensitive inward rectifier rectifying channel, potassium channel 12, FLJ14167, subfamily J, member hIRK, hIRK1, hkir2.2x, Inward 12 rectifier K (+) channel Kir2.2, Inward rectifying K (+) channel negative regulator Kir2.2v, IRK2, kcnj12x, KCNJN1, Kir2.2, Kir2.2v, Potassium channel, inwardly rectifying subfamily J member 12 potassium inwardly- KCNJ13 3769 Inward rectifier K (+) channel Kir7.1, rectifying channel, Inward rectifier potassium channel subfamily J, member 13, Kir1.4, KIR1.4, Kir7.1, KIR7.1, 13 MGC33328, Potassium channel, inwardly rectifying subfamily J member 13, SVD potassium inwardly- KCNJ14 3770 ATP-sensitive inward rectifier rectifying channel, potassium channel 14, Inward subfamily J, member rectifier K (+) channel Kir2.4, IRK4, 14 Kir2.4, KIR2.4, MGC46111, Potassium channel, inwardly rectifying subfamily J member 14 potassium inwardly- KCNJ15 3772 ATP-sensitive inward rectifier rectifying channel, potassium channel 15, Inward subfamily J, member rectifier K (+) channel Kir4.2, IRKK, 15 KCNJ14, Kir1.3, KIR1.3, Kir4.2, KIR4.2, MGC13584, Potassium channel, inwardly rectifying subfamily J member 15 potassium inwardly- KCNJ16 3773 BIR9, Inward rectifier K (+) channel rectifying channel, Kir5.1, Inward rectifier potassium subfamily J, member channel 16, Kir5.1, KIR5.1, 16 MGC33717, Potassium channel, inwardly rectifying subfamily J member 16 potassium channel, KCNK1 3775 DPK, HOHO, HOHO1, Inward subfamily K, member 1 rectifying potassium channel protein TWIK-1, K2p1.1, KCNO1, Potassium channel KCNO1, Potassium channel subfamily K member 1, TWIK1, TWIK-1 potassium channel, KCNK2 3776 hTREK-1c, hTREK-1e, K2p2.1, subfamily K, member 2 MGC126742, MGC126744, Outward rectifying potassium channel protein TREK-1, Potassium channel subfamily K member 2, TPKC1, TREK, TREK1, TREK-1, TREK-1 K (+) channel subunit, Two-pore domain potassium channel TREK-1, Two- pore potassium channel TPKC1 potassium channel, KCNK3 3777 Acid-sensitive potassium channel subfamily K, member 3 protein TASK-1, K2p3.1, OAT1, Potassium channel subfamily K member 3, TASK, TASK1, TASK-1, TBAK1, TWIK-related acid- sensitive K (+) channel 1, Two pore potassium channel KT3.1 potassium channel, KCNK4 50801 K2p4.1, Potassium channel subfamily K, member 4 subfamily K member 4, TRAAK, TRAAK1, TWIK-related arachidonic acid-stimulated potassium channel protein, Two pore K (+) channel KT4.1 potassium channel, KCNK5 8645 Acid-sensitive potassium channel subfamily K, member 5 protein TASK-2, FLJ11035, K2p5.1, Potassium channel subfamily K member 5, TASK2, TASK-2, TWIK- related acid-sensitive K (+) channel 2 potassium channel, KCNK6 9424 FLJ12282, Inward rectifying subfamily K, member 6 potassium channel protein TWIK-2, K2p6.1, KCNK8, Potassium channel subfamily K member 6, TOSS, TWIK2, TWIK-2, TWIK- originated similarity sequence potassium channel, KCNK7 10089 K2p7.1, MGC118782, subfamily K, member 7 MGC118784, Potassium channel subfamily K member 7, PRO1716, TWIK3 potassium channel, KCNK9 51305 Acid-sensitive potassium channel subfamily K, member 9 protein TASK-3, K2p9.1, KT3.2, MGC138268, MGC138270, Potassium channel subfamily K member 9, TASK3, TASK-3, TWIK- related acid-sensitive K (+) channel 3, Two pore potassium channel KT3.2 potassium channel, KCNK10 54207 K2p10.1, Outward rectifying subfamily K, member potassium channel protein TREK-2, 10 Potassium channel subfamily K member 10, TREK2, TREK-2, TREK-2 K (+) channel subunit potassium channel, KCNK12 56660 Potassium channel subfamily K subfamily K, member member 12, Tandem pore domain 12 halothane-inhibited potassium channel 2, THIK2, THIK-2 potassium channel, KCNK13 56659 K2p13.1, Potassium channel subfamily K, member subfamily K member 13, Tandem 13 pore domain halothane-inhibited potassium channel 1, THIK1, THIK-1 potassium channel, KCNK15 60598 Acid-sensitive potassium channel subfamily K, member protein TASK-5, dJ781B1.1, 15 K2p15.1, KCNK11, KCNK14, KIAA0237, KT3.3, Potassium channel subfamily K member 15, TASK5, TASK-5, TWIK-related acid-sensitive K (+) channel 5, Two pore potassium channel KT3.3 potassium channel, KCNK16 83795 2P domain potassium channel subfamily K, member Talk-1, K2p16.1, MGC133123, 16 Potassium channel subfamily K member 16, TALK1, TALK-1, TWIK-related alkaline pH-activated K (+) channel 1 potassium channel, KCNK17 89822 2P domain potassium channel subfamily K, member Talk-2, K2p17.1, Potassium 17 channel subfamily K member 17, TALK2, TALK-2, TASK4, TASK-4, TWIK-related acid-sensitive K (+) channel 4, TWIK-related alkaline pH-activated K (+) channel 2, UNQ5816/PRO19634 potassium channel, KCNK18 338567 K2p18.1, TRESK, TRESK2, subfamily K, member TRESK-2, TRIK 18 potassium large KCNMA1 3778 BKCA alpha, BK channel, BKTM, conductance calcium- Calcium-activated potassium activated channel, channel, subfamily M, alpha subfamily M, alpha subunit 1, Calcium-activated member 1 potassium channel, subfamily M subunit alpha 1, Calcium-activated potassium channel alpha subunit 1, Calcium-activated potassium channel subunit alpha 1, DKFZp686K1437, hSlo, K (VCA)alpha, KCa1.1, KCNMA, MaxiK, Maxi K channel, MGC71881, mSLO1, SAKCA, SLO, Slo1, SLO1, Slo-alpha, SLO- ALPHA, Slo homolog, Slowpoke homolog potassium large KCNMB1 3779 BKbeta, BKbeta1, BK channel beta conductance calcium- subunit 1, BK channel subunit beta activated channel, 1, Calcium-activated potassium subfamily M, beta channel, subfamily M, beta subunit member 1 1, Calcium-activated potassium channel, subfamily M subunit beta 1, Calcium-activated potassium channel beta-subunit, Calcium- activated potassium channel beta subunit 1, Calcium-activated potassium channel subunit beta, Calcium-activated potassium channel subunit beta 1, Charybdotoxin receptor beta subunit 1, Charybdotoxin receptor subunit beta 1, Hbeta1, hslo-beta, K (VCA)beta, K (VCA)beta 1, Maxi K channel beta subunit 1, Maxi K channel subunit beta 1, Slo-beta, SLO-BETA, Slo-beta 1 potassium large KCNMB2 10242 BKbeta2, BK channel beta subunit conductance calcium- 2, BK channel subunit beta 2, activated channel, Calcium-activated potassium subfamily M, beta channel, subfamily M, beta subunit member 2 2, Calcium-activated potassium channel, subfamily M subunit beta 2, Calcium-activated potassium channel beta subunit 2, Calcium- activated potassium channel subunit beta 2, Charybdotoxin receptor beta subunit 2, Charybdotoxin receptor subunit beta 2, Hbeta2, Hbeta3, K (VCA)beta 2, Maxi K channel beta subunit 2, Maxi K channel subunit beta 2, Slo-beta 2 potassium large KCNMB3 27094 BKbeta3, BK channel beta subunit conductance calcium- 3, BK channel subunit beta 3, activated channel, Calcium-activated potassium subfamily M beta channel, subfamily M, beta subunit member 3 3, Calcium-activated potassium channel, subfamily M subunit beta 3, Calcium-activated potassium channel beta subunit 3, Calcium- activated potassium channel subunit beta 3, Charybdotoxin receptor beta subunit 3, Charybdotoxin receptor subunit beta 3, Hbeta3, K (VCA)beta 3, KCNMB2, KCNMBL, Maxi K channel beta subunit 3, Maxi K channel subunit beta 3, Slo-beta 3 potassium large KCNMB3L 27093 KCNMB2L, KCNMB3L1, conductance calcium- KCNMBLP activated channel, subfamily M, beta member 3-like potassium large KCNMB4 27345 BKbeta4, BK channel beta subunit conductance calcium- 4, BK channel subunit beta 4, activated channel, Calcium-activated potassium subfamily M, beta channel, subfamily M, beta subunit member 4 4, Calcium-activated potassium channel, subfamily M subunit beta 4, Calcium-activated potassium channel beta subunit 4, Calcium- activated potassium channel subunit beta 4, Charybdotoxin receptor beta subunit 4, Charybdotoxin receptor subunit beta 4, Hbeta4, K (VCA)beta 4, Maxi K channel beta subunit 4, Maxi K channel subunit beta 4, Slo- beta 4 potassium KCNN1 3780 hSK1, KCa2.1, SK, SK1, SKCA1, intermediate/small Small conductance calcium- conductance calcium- activated potassium channel activated channel, protein 1 subfamily N, member 1 potassium KCNN2 3781 hSK2, KCa2.2, SK2, SKCA2, Small intermediate/small conductance calcium-activated conductance calcium- potassium channel protein 2 activated channel, subfamily N, member 2 potassium KCNN3 3782 hSK3, K3, KCa2.3, SK3, SKCa3, intermediate/small SKCA3, Small conductance conductance calcium- calcium-activated potassium activated channel, channel protein 3 subfamily N, member 3 potassium KCNN4 3783 hIKCa1, hKCa4, hSK4, IK1, IKCa1, intermediate/small IKCA1, Intermediate conductance conductance calcium- calcium-activated potassium activated channel, channel protein 4, KCa3.1, KCa4, subfamily N, member 4 KCA4, Putative Gardos channel, SK4 potassium voltage- KCNQ1 3784 ATFB1, FLJ26167, IKs producing gated channel, KQT- slow voltage-gated potassium like subfamily, channel alpha subunit KvLQT1, IKs member 1 producing slow voltage-gated potassium channel subunit alpha KvLQT1, JLNS1, KCNA8, KCNA9, KQT-like 1, Kv1.9, Kv7.1, KVLQT1, LQT, LQT1, Potassium voltage- gated channel subfamily KQT member 1, RWS, SQT2, Voltage- gated potassium channel subunit Kv7.1, WRS KCNQ1 downstream KCNQ1DN 55539 Beckwith-Wiedemann region neighbor transcript protein, BWRT, HSA404617, KCNQ1 downstream neighbor protein KCNQ1 overlapping KCNQ1OT1 10984 FLJ41078, KCNQ10T1, KCNQ1 transcript 1 (non- overlapping transcript 1, KvDMR1, protein coding) KvLQT1-AS, LIT1, long QT intronic transcript 1, NCRNA00012 potassium voltage- KCNQ2 3785 BFNC, EBN, EBN1, ENB1, gated channel, KQT- HNSPC, KCNA11, KQT-like 2, like subfamily, Kv7.2, KV7.2, KVEBN1, member 2 Neuroblastoma-specific potassium channel alpha subunit KvLQT2, Neuroblastoma-specific potassium channel subunit alpha KvLQT2, Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 2, Voltage- gated potassium channel subunit Kv7.2 potassium voltage- KCNQ3 3786 BFNC2, EBN2, KQT-like 3, Kv7.3, gated channel, KQT- KV7.3, Potassium channel alpha like subfamily, subunit KvLQT3, Potassium member 3 channel subunit alpha KvLQT3, Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 3, Voltage- gated potassium channel subunit Kv7.3 potassium voltage- KCNQ4 9132 DFNA2, KQT-like 4, Kv7.4, KV7.4, gated channel, KQT- Potassium channel alpha subunit like subfamily, KvLQT4, Potassium channel member 4 subunit alpha KvLQT4, Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 4, Voltage-gated potassium channel subunit Kv7.4 potassium voltage- KCNQ5 56479 KQT-like 5, Kv7.5, Potassium gated channel, KQT- channel alpha subunit KvLQT5, like subfamily, Potassium channel subunit alpha member 5 KvLQT5, Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 5, Voltage-gated potassium channel subunit Kv7.5 potassium channel KCNRG 283518 None regulator potassium voltage- KCNS1 3787 Delayed-rectifier K (+) channel gated channel, alpha subunit 1, Kv9.1, Potassium delayed-rectifier, voltage-gated channel subfamily S subfamily S, member 1 member 1, Voltage-gated potassium channel subunit Kv9.1 potassium voltage- KCNS2 3788 Delayed-rectifier K (+) channel gated channel, alpha subunit 2, KIAA1144, Kv9.2, delayed-rectifier, Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily S, member 2 subfamily S member 2, Voltage- gated potassium channel subunit Kv9.2 potassium voltage- KCNS3 3790 Delayed-rectifier K (+) channel gated channel, alpha subunit 3, Kv9.3, KV9.3, delayed-rectifier, MGC9481, Potassium voltage- subfamily S, member 3 gated channel subfamily S member 3, Voltage-gated potassium channel subunit Kv9.3 potassium channel, KCNT1 57582 bA100C15.2, FLJ41282, KCa4.1, subfamily T, member 1 KIAA1422, Potassium channel subfamily T member 1, SLACK potassium channel, KCNT2 343350 KCa4.2, MGC119610, subfamily T, member 2 MGC119611, MGC119612, MGC119613, SLICK, SLO2.1 potassium channel, KCNU1 157855 KCa5.1, Kcnma3, KCNMA3, subfamily U, member 1 KCNMC1, Slo3, SLO3 potassium channel, KCNV1 27012 HNKA, KCNB3, KV2.3, Kv8.1, subfamily V, member 1 KV8.1 potassium channel, KCNV2 169522 KV11.1, Kv8.2, MGC120515, subfamily V, member 2 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily V member 2, RCD3B, Voltage-gated potassium channel subunit Kv8.2 Receptor Fibroblast growth FGFR1 2260 Basic fibroblast growth factor tyrosine factor receptor 1 receptor 1 precursor, BFGFR, kinases bFGF-R, CD331, CD331 antigen, CEK, c-fgr, C-FGR, FGFBR, FGFR-1, fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (fms-related tyrosine kinase 2, Pfeiffer syndrome), FLG, FLJ99988, FLT2, Fms-like tyrosine kinase 2, H2, H3, H4, H5, HBGFR, KAL2, N-SAM Fibroblast growth FGFR2 2263 BEK, BFR-1, CD332, CD332 factor receptor 2 antigen, CEK3, CFD1, ECT1, FGFR-2, Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 precursor, FLJ98662, JWS, Keratinocyte growth factor receptor 2, KGFR, KSAM, K-SAM, TK14, TK25 Fibroblast growth FGFR3 2261 ACH, CD333, CD333 antigen, factor receptor 3 CEK2, FGFR-3, fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (achondroplasia, thanatophoric dwarfism), Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 precursor, HSFGFR3EX, JTK4 Fibroblast growth FGFR4 2264 CD334, CD334 antigen, FGFR-4, factor receptor 4 Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 precursor, JTK2, MGC20292, TKF Fibroblast growth FGFR6 2265 None factor receptor 6 platelet derived growth PDGFRA 5156 Alpha platelet-derived growth factor factor receptor A receptor precursor, CD140a, CD140A, CD140a antigen, MGC74795, PDGFR2, PDGF-R- alpha, Rhe-PDGFRA platelet derived growth PDGFRB 5159 Beta platelet-derived growth factor factor receptor B receptor precursor, CD140b, CD140B, CD140b antigen, JTK12, PDGFR, PDGFR1, PDGF-R-beta epidermal growth EGFR 1956 Epidermal growth factor receptor factor receptor precursor, ERBB, ERBB1, HER1, mENA, PIG61, Receptor tyrosine- protein kinase ErbB-1 v-erb-b2 erythroblastic ERBB2 2064 CD340, CD340 antigen, C-erbB-2, leukemia viral c-erb B2, HER2, HER-2, HER- oncogene homolog 2 2/neu, MLN 19, NEU, NEU protooncogene, NGL, p185erbB2, Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-2 precursor, TKR1, Tyrosine kinase-type cell surface receptor HER2 v-erb-b2 erythroblastic ERBB3 2065 c-erbB3, c-erbB-3, ErbB-3, erbB3- leukemia viral S, HER3, LCCS2, MDA-BF-1, oncogene homolog 3 MGC88033, p180-ErbB3, p45- sErbB3, p85-sErbB3, Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-3 precursor, Tyrosine kinase-type cell surface receptor HER3 v-erb-b2 erythroblastic ERBB4 266 HER4, MGC138404, p180erbB4, leukemia viral Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase oncogene homolog 4 erbB-4 precursor, Tyrosine kinase- type cell surface receptor HER4 Nuclear estrogen receptor 1 ESR1 2099 DKFZp686N23123, ER, Era, ER- steroid alpha, ESR, ESRA, Estradiol receptors receptor, Estrogen receptor, major ORF, NR3A1 estrogen receptor 2 ESR2 2100 Erb, ER-beta, ER-BETA, ESRB, ESR-BETA, ESTRB, Estrogen receptor beta, NR3A2 Thyroid hormone THRA 7067 AR7, c-erbA-1, c-ERBA-1, C-erbA- receptor-α alpha, c-ERBA-ALPHA-2, EAR7, EAR-7, EAR-7.1, EAR-7.1/EAR- 7.2, EAR-7.2, ERBA, ERBA1, ERBA-ALPHA, ERB-T-1, MGC000261, MGC43240, NR1A1, THRA1, THRA2, THRA3, Thyroid hormone receptor alpha, TR- ALPHA-1 Thyroid hormone THRB 7068 ERBA2, ERBA-BETA, GRTH, receptor-β MGC126109, MGC126110, NR1A2, PRTH, THR1, THRB1, THRB2, Thyroid hormone receptor beta-1, Thyroid hormone receptor beta-2 Retinoic acid receptor-α RARA 5914 NR1B1, RAR Retinoic acid receptor-β RARB 5915 HAP, HBV-activated protein, NR1B2, RAR-beta, RAR-epsilon, Retinoic acid receptor beta, RRB2 Retinoic acid receptor-γ RARG 5916 NR1B3, RARC, RAR-gamma-1, RAR-gamma-2, Retinoic acid receptor gamma-1, Retinoic acid receptor gamma-2 Peroxisome PPARA 5465 hPPAR, MGC2237, MGC2452, proliferator-activated NR1C1, peroxisome proliferative receptor-α activated receptor, alpha, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha, PPAR, PPAR- alpha Peroxisome PPARD 5467 FAAR, MGC3931, NR1C2, NUC1, proliferator-activated NUCI, NUCII, Nuclear hormone receptor-β/δ receptor 1, peroxisome proliferative activated receptor, delta, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta, PPARB, PPAR- beta, PPAR-delta Peroxisome PPARG 5468 HUMPPARG, NR1C3, peroxisome proliferator-activated proliferative activated receptor, receptor-γ gamma, Peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor gamma, PPARG1, PPARG2, PPARgamma, PPAR-gamma Rev-ErbAα NR1D1 9572 EAR1, ear-1, hRev, HREV, Orphan nuclear receptor NR1D1, Rev- ErbAalpha, Rev-erbA-alpha, THRA1, THRAL, V-erbA-related protein EAR-1 Rev-ErbAβ NR1D2 9975 BD73, EAR-1r, EAR-1R, Hs.37288, HZF2, Orphan nuclear hormone receptor BD73, Orphan nuclear receptor NR1D2, Rev-erb-beta, RVR RAR-related orphan RORA 6095 MGC119326, MGC119329, receptor-α NR1F1, Nuclear receptor ROR- alpha, Nuclear receptor RZR-alpha, Retinoid-related orphan receptor- alpha, ROR1, ROR2, ROR3, RZRA, RZR-ALPHA RAR-related orphan RORB 6096 bA133M9.1, NR1F2, Nuclear receptor-β receptor ROR-beta, Nuclear receptor RZR-beta, Retinoid- related orphan receptor-beta, ROR- BETA, RZRB, RZR-BETA RAR-related orphan RORC 6097 MGC129539, NR1F3, Nuclear receptor-γ receptor ROR-gamma, Nuclear receptor RZR-gamma, Retinoid- related orphan receptor-gamma, RORG, RZRG, RZR-GAMMA, TOR Liver X receptor-α NR1H3 10062 Liver X receptor alpha, LXRA, LXR- a, Nuclear orphan receptor LXR- alpha, Oxysterols receptor LXR- alpha, RLD-1 Liver X receptor-β NR1H2 7376 Liver X receptor beta, LXRB, LXR- b, NER, NER-I, Nuclear orphan receptor LXR-beta, Nuclear receptor NER, Oxysterols receptor LXR-beta, RIP15, Ubiquitously- expressed nuclear receptor, UNR Farnesoid X receptor NR1H4 9971 BAR, Bile acid receptor, Farnesoid X-activated receptor, Farnesol receptor HRR-1, FXR, HRR1, HRR-1, MGC163445, Retinoid X receptor-interacting protein 14, RIP14, RXR-interacting protein 14 Vitamin D receptor VDR 7421 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor, NR1I1, Vitamin D3 receptor Pregnane X receptor NR1I2 8856 BXR, ONR1, Orphan nuclear receptor PAR1, Orphan nuclear receptor PXR, PAR, PAR1, PAR2, PARq, Pregnane X receptor, PRR, PXR, SAR, Steroid and xenobiotic receptor, SXR Constitutive NR1I3 9970 CAR, CAR1, CAR-BETA, CAR- androstane receptor SV1, CAR-SV10, CAR-SV11, CAR- SV12, CAR-SV13, CAR-SV14, CAR-SV15, CAR-SV17, CAR- SV18, CAR-SV19, CAR-SV20, CAR-SV21, CAR-SV4, CAR-SV6, CAR-SV7, CAR-SV8, CAR-SV9, Constitutive activator of retinoid response, Constitutive active response, Constitutive androstane receptor, MB67, MGC150433, MGC97144, MGC97209, Orphan nuclear receptor MB67, Orphan nuclear receptor NR1I3 TGFbeta bone morphogenic BMPR1A 657 Activin receptor-like kinase 3, superfamily protein receptor 1A ACVRLK3, ALK3, ALK-3, Bone receptors morphogenetic protein receptor type IA precursor, CD292, CD292 antigen, Serine/threonine-protein kinase receptor R5, SKR5 bone morphogenic BMPR1B 658 ALK6, ALK-6, Bone morphogenetic protein receptor 1B protein receptor type IB precursor, CDw293, CDw293 antigen bone morphogenic BMPR2 659 BMPR3, BMPR-II, BMP type II protein receptor 2A receptor, BMR2, Bone morphogenetic protein receptor type-2 precursor, Bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II, BRK-3, FLJ41585, FLJ76945, PPH1, T-ALK Activin receptor 2A ACVR2A 92 Activin receptor type 2A precursor, Activin receptor type-2A precursor, Activin receptor type IIA, ACTRII, ACTRIIA, ACTR-IIA, ACVR2 Activin receptor 1B ACVR1B 91 Activin receptor-like kinase 4, Activin receptor type 1B precursor, ActRIB, ACTRIB, ACTR-IB, ACVRLK4, ALK4, ALK-4, Serine/threonine-protein kinase receptor R2, SKR2 Activin receptor 2B ACVR2B 93 Activin receptor type 2B precursor, Activin receptor type-2B precursor, Activin receptor type IIB, ACTRIIB, ActR-IIB, ACTR-IIB, MGC116908 Activin receptor 1C ACVR1C 130399 Activin receptor-like kinase 7, Activin receptor type 1C precursor, ACTR-IC, ACVRLK7, ALK7, ALK-7 transforming growth TGFBRI 7046 AAT5, Activin receptor-like kinase factor beta receptor 1 5, ACVRLK4, ALK5, ALK-5, LDS1A, LDS2A, Serine/threonine- protein kinase receptor R4, SKR4, TbetaR-I, TGF-beta receptor type-1 precursor, TGF-beta receptor type I, TGF-beta type I receptor, TGFR- 1, transforming growth factor, beta receptor I (activin A receptor type II-like kinase, 53 kDa), Transforming growth factor-beta receptor type I transforming growth TGFBRII 7048 AAT3, FAA3, HNPCC6, LDS1B, factor beta receptor 2 LDS2B, MFS2, RIIC, TAAD2, TbetaR-II, TGF-beta receptor type- 2 precursor, TGF-beta receptor type II, TGFbeta-RII, TGF-beta type II receptor, TGFR-2, Transforming growth factor-beta receptor type II transforming growth TGFBRIII 7049 betaglycan, Betaglycan, BGCAN, factor beta receptor 3 TGF-beta receptor type III precursor, TGFR-3, transforming growth factor, beta receptor III (betaglycan, 300 kDa), Transforming growth factor beta receptor III T-cell T-cell receptors http://www.bioinf.org.uk/abs/ receptors B-cell B-cell receptors http://www.bioinf.org.uk/abs/ receptors

TABLE 9 GABA subunits from various species. Receptor subunit Gene name Spicies GABAA: gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, alpha 1 GABRA1 Homo sapiens gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, alpha 1 Gabra1 Mus musculus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, alpha 1 gabra1 Danio rerio gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, alpha 1 GABRA1 Pan troglodytes gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, alpha 1 GABRA1 Bos taurus (variant 1) gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, alpha 1 GABRA1 Bos taurus (variant 2) gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, alpha 1 GABRA1 Gallus gallus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, alpha 1 GABRA1 Canis familiaris gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, alpha 1 Gabra1 Rattus norvegicus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, alpha 2 GABRA2 Homo sapiens gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, alpha 2 Gabra2 Mus musculus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, alpha 2 LOC100150704 Danio rerio gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, alpha 2 GABRA2 Pan troglodytes gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, alpha 2 GABRA2 Bos taurus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, alpha 2 GABRA2 Gallus gallus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, alpha 2 GABRA2 Canis familiaris gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, alpha 2 LOC289606 Rattus norvegicus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, alpha 3 GABRA3 Homo sapiens gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, alpha 3 Gabra3 Mus musculus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, alpha 3 Grd Drosophila melanogaster gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, alpha 3 GABRA3 Bos taurus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, alpha 3 GABRA3 Gallus gallus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, alpha 3 GABRA3 Canis familiaris gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, alpha 3 Gabra3 Rattus norvegicus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, alpha 4 GABRA4 Homo sapiens gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, alpha 4 Gabra4 Mus musculus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, alpha 4 zgc: 110204 Danio rerio gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, alpha 4 GABRA4 Pan troglodytes gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, alpha 4 GABRA4 Bos taurus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, alpha 4 GABRA4 Gallus gallus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, alpha 4 GABRA4 Canis familiaris gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, alpha 4 Gabra4 Rattus norvegicus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, alpha 5 GABRA5 Homo sapiens gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, alpha 5 Gabra5 Mus musculus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, alpha 5 CG8916 Drosophila melanogaster gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, alpha 5 lgc-37 Caenorhabditis elegans gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, alpha 5 LOC799124 Danio rerio gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, alpha 5 GABRA5 Bos taurus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, alpha 5 GABRA5 Gallus gallus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, alpha 5 GABRA5 Canis familiaris gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, alpha 5 Gabra5 Rattus norvegicus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, alpha 6 GABRA6 Homo sapiens gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, alpha 6 Gabra6 Mus musculus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, alpha 6 Rdl Drosophila melanogaster gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, alpha 6 lgc-38 Caenorhabditis elegans gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, alpha 6 gabra6a Danio rerio gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, alpha 6 gabra6b Danio rerio gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, alpha 6 GABRA6 Pan troglodytes gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, alpha 6 GABRA6 Bos taurus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, alpha 6 GABRA6 Gallus gallus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, alpha 6 GABRA6 Canis familiaris gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, alpha 6 Gabra6 Rattus norvegicus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, beta 1 GABRB1 Homo sapiens gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, beta 1 Gabrb1 Mus musculus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, beta 1 GABRB1 Pan troglodytes gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, beta 1 GABRB1 Bos taurus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, beta 1 GABRB1 Gallus gallus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, beta 1 Gabrb1 Rattus norvegicus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, beta 2 GABRB2 Homo sapiens gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, beta 2 Gabrb2 Mus musculus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, beta 2 gabrb2 Danio rerio gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, beta 2 GABRB2 Pan troglodytes gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, beta 2 GABRB2 Bos taurus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, beta 2 GABRB2 Gallus gallus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, beta 2 GABRB2 Canis familiaris gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, beta 2 Gabrb2 Rattus norvegicus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, beta 3 GABRB3 Homo sapiens gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, beta 3 Gabrb3 Mus musculus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, beta 3 Lcch3 Drosophila melanogaster gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, beta 3 gab-1 Caenorhabditis elegans gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, beta 3 LOC566922 Danio rerio gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, beta 3 GABRB3 Pan troglodytes gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, beta 3 GABRB3 Gallus gallus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, beta 3 GABRB3 Canis familiaris gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, beta 3 Gabrb3 Rattus norvegicus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, gamma 1 GABRG1 Homo sapiens gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, gamma 1 Gabrg1 Mus musculus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, gamma 1 LOC556202 Danio rerio gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, gamma 1 GABRG1 Pan troglodytes gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, gamma 1 GABRG1 Bos taurus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, gamma 1 GABRG1 Gallus gallus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, gamma 1 GABRG1 Canis familiaris gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, gamma 1 Gabrg1 Rattus norvegicus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, gamma 2 GABRG2 Homo sapiens gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, gamma 2 Gabrg2 Mus musculus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, gamma 2 LOC553402 Danio rerio gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, gamma 2 GABRG2 Bos taurus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, gamma 2 GABRG2 Gallus gallus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, gamma 2 GABRG2 Canis familiaris gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, gamma 2 Gabrg2 Rattus norvegicus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, gamma 3 GABRG3 Homo sapiens gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, gamma 3 Gabrg3 Mus musculus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, gamma 3 LOC567057 Danio rerio gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, gamma 3 GABRG3 Gallus gallus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, gamma 3 Gabrg3 Rattus norvegicus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, delta GABRD Homo sapiens gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, delta Gabrd Mus musculus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, delta DKEYP-87A12.2 Danio rerio gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, delta GABRD Pan troglodytes gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, delta GABRD Bos taurus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, delta GABRD Gallus gallus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, delta GABRD Canis familiaris gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, delta Gabrd Rattus norvegicus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, epsilon GABRE Homo sapiens gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, epsilon Gabre Mus musculus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, epsilon GABRE Pan troglodytes gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, epsilon GABRE Bos taurus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, epsilon GABRE Canis familiaris gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, epsilon Gabre Rattus norvegicus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, pi GABRP Homo sapiens gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, pi Gabrp Mus musculus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, pi GABRP Pan troglodytes gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, pi GABRP Bos taurus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, pi GABRP Gallus gallus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, pi GABRP Canis familiaris gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, pi Gabrp Rattus norvegicus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, theta GABRQ Homo sapiens gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, theta Gabrq Mus musculus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, theta GABRQ Pan troglodytes gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, theta GABRQ Bos taurus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, theta GABRQ Canis familiaris gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, theta Gabrq Rattus norvegicus GABAB: gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) B receptor, 1 GABBR1 Homo sapiens gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) B receptor, 1 Gabbr1 Mus musculus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) B receptor, 1 GABA-B-R1 Drosophila melanogaster gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) B receptor, 1 Y41G9A.4 Caenorhabditis elegans gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) B receptor, 1 gabbr1 Danio rerio gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) B receptor, 1 GABBR1 Pan troglodytes gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) B receptor, 1 GABBR1 Bos taurus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) B receptor, 1 GABBR1 Canis familiaris gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) B receptor, 1 Gabbr1 Rattus norvegicus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) B receptor, 2 GABBR2 Homo sapiens gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) B receptor, 2 Gabbr2 Mus musculus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) B receptor, 2 GABA-B-R2 Drosophila melanogaster gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) B receptor, 2 si: dkey-190I1.2 Danio rerio gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) B receptor, 2 GABBR2 Pan troglodytes gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) B receptor, 2 GABBR2 Bos taurus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) B receptor, 2 GABBR2 Gallus gallus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) B receptor, 2 GABBR2 Canis familiaris gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) B receptor, 2 Gabbr2 Rattus norvegicus GABAC: gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, rho1 GABRR1 Homo sapiens gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, rho1 Gabrr1 Mus musculus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, rho1 gabrr1 Danio rerio gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, rho1 GABRR1 Pan troglodytes gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, rho1 GABRR1 Bos taurus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, rho1 GABRR1 Gallus gallus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, rho1 GABRR1 Canis familiaris gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, rho1 Gabrr1 Rattus norvegicus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, rho2 GABRR2 Homo sapiens gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, rho2 Gabrr2 Mus musculus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, rho2 si: dkey-181i3.1 Danio rerio gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, rho2 GABRR2 Pan troglodytes gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, rho2 GABRR2 Gallus gallus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, rho2 GABRR2 Canis familiaris gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, rho2 Gabrr2 Rattus norvegicus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, rho3 GABRR3 Homo sapiens gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, rho3 Gabrr3 Mus musculus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, rho3 zgc: 194845 Danio rerio gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, rho3 GABRR3 Pan troglodytes gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, rho3 GABRR3 Bos taurus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, rho3 GABRR3 Gallus gallus gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, rho3 Gabrr3 Rattus norvegicus

TABLE 10 Code Receptor Human bitter receptors F1 hTAS2R1 F5 hTAS2R3 F25 hTAS2R4 F11 hTAS2R5 F4 hTAS2R7 F2 hTAS2R8 F24 hTAS2R9 F16 hTAS2R10 F3 hTAS2R13 F15 hTAS2R14 F14 hTAS2R16 F7 hTAS2R38 F23 hTAS2R39 F19 hTAS2R40 F18 hTAS2R41 F6 hTAS2R43 F12 hTAS2R44 F8 hTAS2R45 F9 hTAS2R46 F22 hTAS2R47 F17 hTAS2R48 F21 hTAS2R49 F10 hTAS2R50 F13 hTAS2R55 F20 hTAS2R60 Preferred G proteins in making bitter receptor cell lines Mouse Gα15 Human GNA15

TABLE 11 Sweet and Umami receptors Sub- Gene Splice NCBI Type unit Symbol form Gene ID Synonyms Umami Taste T1R1 T1R1 1 80835 TAS1R1, TR1, 2 GPR70 3 4 Sweet Taste T1R2 T1R2 1 80834 TAS1R2, TR2, GPR71 Umami/Sweet T1R3 T1R3 1 83756 TAS1R3 Taste

TABLE 12 Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane-conductance Regulator Protein # Class (UniProt) Description Homo sapiens cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) Homo sapiens cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) mutant (F508)

TABLE 13 Guanylyl Cyclases Family/ Protein # Class Subtype (UniProt) Description Guanylyl Guanylate cyclase-A/natriuretic cyclases peptide receptor A Guanylate cyclase-B/natriuretic peptide receptor B Guanylate cyclase-C Guanylate cyclase-D Guanylate cyclase-E Guanylate cyclase-F Guanylate cyclase-G Related receptor Natriuretic peptide lacking guanylyl receptor C (NPR3) cyclase domain

SEQUENCE TABLE Human GABA_(A) receptor alpha 1 subunit cDNA (SEQ ID NO: GABA1) ATGAGGAAAAGTCCAGGTCTGTCTGACTGTCTTTGGGCCTGGATCCTC CTTCTGAGCACACTGACTGGAAGAAGCTATGGACAGCCGTCATTACAA GATGAACTTAAAGACAATACCACTGTCTTCACCAGGATTTTGGACAGA CTCCTAGATGGTTATGACAATCGCCTGAGACCAGGATTGGGAGAGCG TGTAACCGAAGTGAAGACTGATATCTTCGTCACCAGTTTCGGACCCGT TTCAGACCATGATATGGAATATACAATAGATGTATTTTTCCGTCAAAGC TGGAAGGATGAAAGGTTAAAATTTAAAGGACCTATGACAGTCCTCCGG TTAAATAACCTAATGGCAAGTAAAATCTGGACTCCGGACACATTTTTCC ACAATGGAAAGAAGTCAGTGGCCCACAACATGACCATGCCCAACAAA CTCCTGCGGATCACAGAGGATGGCACCTTGCTGTACACCATGAGGCT GACAGTGAGAGCTGAATGTCCGATGCATTTGGAGGACTTCCCTATGG ATGCCCATGCTTGCCCACTAAAATTTGGAAGTTATGCTTATACAAGAG CAGAAGTTGTTTATGAATGGACCAGAGAGCCAGCACGCTCAGTGGTT GTAGCAGAAGATGGATCACGTCTAAACCAGTATGACCTTCTTGGACAA ACAGTAGACTCTGGAATTGTCCAGTCAAGTACAGGAGAATATGTTGTT ATGACCACTCATTTCCACTTGAAGAGAAAGATTGGCTACTTTGTTATTC AAACATACCTGCCATGCATAATGACAGTGATTCTCTCACAAGTCTCCTT CTGGCTCAACAGAGAGTCTGTACCAGCAAGAACTGTCTTTGGAGTAAC AACTGTGCTCACCATGACAACATTGAGCATCAGTGCCAGAAACTCCCT CCCTAAGGTGGCTTATGCAACAGCTATGGATTGGTTTATTGCCGTGTG CTATGCCTTTGTGTTCTCAGCTCTGATTGAGTTTGCCACAGTAAACTAT TTCACTAAGAGAGGTTATGCATGGGATGGCAAAAGTGTGGTTCCAGAA AAGCCAAAGAAAGTAAAGGATCCTCTTATTAAGAAAAACAACACTTAC GCTCCAACAGCAACCAGCTACACCCCTAATTTGGCCAGGGGCGACCC GGGCTTAGCCACCATTGCTAAAAGTGCAACCATAGAACCTAAAGAGGT CAAGCCCGAAACAAAACCACCAGAACCCAAGAAAACCTTTAACAGTGT CAGCAAAATTGACCGACTGTCAAGAATAGCCTTCCCGCTGCTATTTGG AATCTTTAACTTAGTCTACTGGGCTACGTATTTAAACAGAGAGCCTCAG CTAAAAGCCCCCACACCACATCAATAG Human GABA_(A) receptor alpha 2 subunit cDNA (SEQ ID NO: GABA2) ATGAAGACAAAATTGAACATCTACAACATGCAGTTCCTGCTTTTTGTTT TCTTGGTGTGGGACCCTGCCAGGTTGGTGCTGGCTAACATCCAAGAA GATGAGGCTAAAAATAACATTACCATCTTTACGAGAATTCTTGACAGAC TTCTGGATGGTTACGATAATCGGCTTAGACCAGGACTGGGAGACAGT ATTACTGAAGTCTTCACTAACATCTACGTGACCAGTTTTGGCCCTGTCT CAGATACAGATATGGAATATACAATTGATGTTTTCTTTCGACAAAAATG GAAAGATGAACGTTTAAAATTTAAAGGTCCTATGAATATCCTTCGACTA AACAATTTAATGGCTAGCAAAATCTGGACTCCAGATACCTTTTTTCACA ATGGGAAAAAATCAGTAGCTCATAATATGACAATGCCAAATAAGTTGCT TCGAATTCAGGATGATGGGACTCTGCTGTATACCATGAGGCTTACAGT TCAAGCTGAATGCCCAATGCACTTGGAGGATTTCCCAATGGATGCTCA TTCATGTCCTCTGAAATTTGGCAGCTATGCATATACAACTTCAGAGGTC ACTTATATTTGGACTTACAATGCATCTGATTCAGTACAGGTTGCTCCTG ATGGCTCTAGGTTAAATCAATATGACCTGCTGGGCCAATCAATCGGAA AGGAGACAATTAAATCCAGTACAGGTGAATATACTGTAATGACAGCTC ATTTCCACCTGAAAAGAAAAATTGGGTATTTTGTGATTCAAACCTATCT GCCTTGCATCATGACTGTCATTCTCTCCCAAGTTTCATTCTGGCTTAAC AGAGAATCTGTGCCTGCAAGAACTGTGTTTGGAGTAACAACTGTCCTA ACAATGACAACTCTAAGCATCAGTGCTCGGAATTCTCTCCCCAAAGTG GCTTATGCAACTGCCATGGACTGGTTTATTGCTGTTTGTTATGCATTTG TGTTCTCTGCCCTAATTGAATTTGCAACTGTTAATTACTTCACCAAAAG AGGATGGACTTGGGATGGGAAGAGTGTAGTAAATGACAAGAAAAAAG AAAAGGCTTCCGTTATGATACAGAACAACGCTTATGCAGTGGCTGTTG CCAATTATGCCCCGAATCTTTCAAAAGATCCAGTTCTCTCCACCATCTC CAAGAGTGCAACCACGCCAGAACCCAACAAGAAGCCAGAAAACAAGC CAGCTGAAGCAAAGAAAACTTTCAACAGTGTTAGCAAAATTGACAGAA TGTCCAGAATAGTTTTTCCAGTTTTGTTTGGTACCTTTAATTTAGTTTAC TGGGCTACATATTTAAACAGAGAACCTGTATTAGGGGTCAGTCCTTGA Human GABA_(A) receptor alpha 3 subunit cDNA (SEQ ID NO: GABA3) ATGATAATCACACAAACAAGTCACTGTTACATGACCAGCCTTGGGATT CTTTTCCTGATTAATATTCTCCCTGGAACCACTGGTCAAGGGGAATCA AGACGACAAGAACCCGGGGACTTTGTGAAGCAGGACATTGGCGGGCT GTCTCCTAAGCATGCCCCAGATATTCCTGATGACAGCACTGACAACAT CACTATCTTCACCAGAATCTTGGATCGTCTTCTGGACGGCTATGACAA CCGGCTGCGACCTGGGCTTGGAGATGCAGTGACTGAAGTGAAGACTG ACATCTACGTGACCAGTTTTGGCCCTGTGTCAGACACTGACATGGAGT ACACTATTGATGTATTTTTTCGGCAGACATGGCATGATGAAAGACTGA AATTTGATGGCCCCATGAAGATCCTTCCACTGAACAATCTCCTGGCTA GTAAGATCTGGACACCGGACACCTTCTTCCACAATGGCAAGAAATCAG TGGCTCATAACATGACCACGCCCAACAAGCTGCTCAGATTGGTGGAC AACGGAACCCTCCTCTATACAATGAGGTTAACAATTCATGCTGAGTGT CCCATGCATTTGGAAGATTTTCCCATGGATGTGCATGCCTGCCCACTG AAGTTTGGAAGCTATGCCTATACAACAGCTGAAGTGGTTTATTCTTGG ACTCTCGGAAAGAACAAATCCGTGGAAGTGGCACAGGATGGTTCTCG CTTGAACCAGTATGACCTTTTGGGCCATGTTGTTGGGACAGAGATAAT CCGGTCTAGTACAGGAGAATATGTCGTCATGACAACCCACTTCCATCT CAAGCGAAAAATTGGCTACTTTGTGATCCAGACCTACTTGCCATGTAT CATGACTGTCATTCTGTCACAAGTGTCGTTCTGGCTCAACAGAGAGTC TGTTCCTGCCCGTACAGTCTTTGGTGTCACCACTGTGCTTACCATGAC CACCTTGAGTATCAGTGCCAGAAATTCCTTACCTAAAGTGGCATATGC GACGGCCATGGACTGGTTCATAGCCGTCTGTTATGCCTTTGTATTTTC TGCACTGATTGAATTTGCCACTGTCAACTATTTCACCAAGCGGAGTTG GGCTTGGGAAGGCAAGAAGGTGCCAGAGGCCCTGGAGATGAAGAAG AAAACACCAGCAGCCCCAGCAAAGAAAACCAGCACTACCTTCAACATC GTGGGGACCACCTATCCCATCAACCTGGCCAAGGACACTGAATTTTC CACCATCTCCAAGGGCGCTGCTCCCAGTGCCTCCTCAACCCCAACAA TCATTGCTTCACCCAAGGCCACCTACGTGCAGGACAGCCCGACTGAG ACCAAGACCTACAACAGTGTCAGCAAGGTTGACAAAATTTCCCGCATC ATCTTTCCTGTGCTCTTTGCCATATTCAATCTGGTCTATTGGGCCACAT ATGTCAACCGGGAGTCAGCTATCAAGGGCATGATCCGCAAACAGTAG Human GABA_(A) receptor alpha 5 subunit cDNA (SEQ ID NO: GABA4) ATGGACAATGGAATGTTCTCTGGTTTTATCATGATCAAAAACCTCCTTC TCTTTTGTATTTCCATGAACTTATCCAGTCACTTTGGCTTTTCACAGAT GCCAACCAGTTCAGTGAAAGATGAGACCAATGACAACATCACGATATT TACCAGGATCTTGGATGGGCTCTTGGATGGCTACGACAACAGACTTC GGCCCGGGCTGGGAGAGCGCATCACTCAGGTGAGGACCGACATCTA CGTCACCAGCTTCGGCCCGGTGTCCGACACGGAAATGGAGTACACCA TAGACGTGTTTTTCCGACAAAGCTGGAAAGATGAAAGGCTTCGGTTTA AGGGGCCCATGCAGCGCCTCCCTCTCAACAACCTCCTTGCCAGCAAG ATCTGGACCCCAGACACGTTCTTCCACAACGGGAAGAAGTCCATCGC TCACAACATGACCACGCCCAACAAGCTGCTGCGGCTGGAGGACGACG GCACCCTGCTCTACACCATGCGCTTGACCATCTCTGCAGAGTGCCCC ATGCAGCTTGAGGACTTCCCGATGGATGCGCACGCTTGCCCTCTGAA ATTTGGCAGCTATGCGTACCCTAATTCTGAAGTCGTCTACGTCTGGAC CAACGGCTCCACCAAGTCGGTGGTGGTGGCGGAAGATGGCTCCAGA CTGAACCAGTACCACCTGATGGGGCAGACGGTGGGCACTGAGAACAT CAGCACCAGCACAGGCGAATACACAATCATGACAGCTCACTTCCACCT GAAAAGGAAGATTGGCTACTTTGTCATCCAGACCTACCTTCCCTGCAT AATGACCGTGATCTTATCACAGGTGTCCTTTTGGCTGAACCGGGAATC AGTCCCAGCCAGGACAGTTTTTGGGGTCACCACGGTGCTGACCATGA CGACCCTCAGCATCAGCGCCAGGAACTCTCTGCCCAAAGTGGCCTAC GCCACCGCCATGGACTGGTTCATAGCCGTGTGCTATGCCTTCGTCTT CTCGGCGCTGATAGAGTTTGCCACGGTCAATTACTTTACCAAGAGAGG CTGGGCCTGGGATGGCAAAAAAGCCTTGGAAGCAGCCAAGATCAAGA AAAAGCGTGAAGTCATACTAAATAAGTCAACAAACGCTTTTACAACTG GGAAGATGTCTCACCCCCCAAACATTCCGAAGGAACAGACCCCAGCA GGGACGTCGAATACAACCTCAGTCTCAGTAAAACCCTCTGAAGAGAA GACTTCTGAAAGCAAAAAGACTTACAACAGTATCAGCAAAATTGACAA AATGTCCCGAATCGTATTCCCAGTCTTGTTCGGCACTTTCAACTTAGTT TACTGGGCAACGTATTTGAATAGGGAGCCGGTGATAAAAGGAGCCGC CTCTCCAAAATAA Human GABA_(A) receptor beta 3 variant 1 subunit cDNA (SEQ ID NO: GABA5) ATGTGGGGCCTTGCGGGAGGAAGGCTTTTCGGCATCTTCTCGGCCCC GGTGCTGGTGGCTGTGGTGTGCTGCGCCCAGAGTGTGAACGATCCC GGGAACATGTCCTTTGTGAAGGAGACGGTGGACAAGCTGTTGAAAGG CTACGACATTCGCCTAAGACCCGACTTCGGGGGTCCCCCGGTCTGCG TGGGGATGAACATCGACATCGCCAGCATCGACATGGTTTCCGAAGTC AACATGGATTATACCTTAACCATGTATTTTCAACAATATTGGAGAGATA AAAGGCTCGCCTATTCTGGGATCCCTCTCAACCTCACGCTTGACAATC GAGTGGCTGACCAGCTATGGGTGCCCGACACATATTTCTTAAATGACA AAAAGTCATTTGTGCATGGAGTGACAGTGAAAAACCGCATGATCCGTC TTCACCCTGATGGGACAGTGCTGTATGGGCTCAGAATCACCACGACA GCAGCATGCATGATGGACCTCAGGAGATACCCCCTGGACGAGCAGAA CTGCACTCTGGAAATTGAAAGCTATGGCTACACCACGGATGACATTGA GTTTTACTGGCGAGGCGGGGACAAGGCTGTTACCGGAGTGGAAAGG ATTGAGCTCCCGCAGTTCTCCATCGTGGAGCACCGTCTGGTCTCGAG GAATGTTGTCTTCGCCACAGGTGCCTATCCTCGACTGTCACTGAGCTT TCGGTTGAAGAGGAACATTGGATACTTCATTCTTCAGACTTATATGCC CTCTATACTGATAACGATTCTGTCGTGGGTGTCCTTCTGGATCAATTAT GATGCATCTGCTGCTAGAGTTGCCCTCGGGATCACAACTGTGCTGAC AATGACAACCATCAACACCCACCTTCGGGAGACCTTGCCCAAAATCCC CTATGTCAAAGCCATTGACATGTACCTTATGGGCTGCTTCGTCTTTGT GTTCCTGGCCCTTCTGGAGTATGCCTTTGTCAACTACATTTTCTTTGGA AGAGGCCCTCAAAGGCAGAAGAAGCTTGCAGAAAAGACAGCCAAGGC AAAGAATGACCGTTCAAAGAGCGAAAGCAACCGGGTGGATGCTCATG GAAATATTCTGTTGACATCGCTGGAAGTTCACAATGAAATGAATGAGG TCTCAGGCGGCATTGGCGATACCAGGAATTCAGCAATATCCTTTGACA ACTCAGGAATCCAGTACAGGAAACAGAGCATGCCTCGAGAAGGGCAT GGGCGATTCCTGGGGGACAGAAGCCTCCCGCACAAGAAGACCCATCT ACGGAGGAGGTCTTCACAGCTCAAAATTAAAATACCTGATCTAACCGA TGTGAATGCCATAGACAGATGGTCCAGGATCGTGTTTCCATTCACTTT TTCTCTTTTCAACTTAGTTTACTGGCTGTACTATGTTAACTGA Human GABA_(A) receptor gamma 2 transcript variant 1 (short) subunit cDNA (SEQ ID NO: GABA6) ATGAGTTCGCCAAATATATGGAGCACAGGAAGCTCAGTCTACTCGACT CCTGTATTTTCACAGAAAATGACGGTGTGGATTCTGCTCCTGCTGTCG CTCTACCCTGGCTTCACTAGCCAGAAATCTGATGATGACTATGAAGAT TATGCTTCTAACAAAACATGGGTCTTGACTCCAAAAGTTCCTGAGGGT GATGTCACTGTCATCTTAAACAACCTGCTGGAAGGATATGACAATAAA CTTCGGCCTGATATAGGAGTGAAGCCAACGTTAATTCACACAGACATG TATGTGAATAGCATTGGTCCAGTGAACGCTATCAATATGGAATACACT ATTGATATATTTTTTGCGCAAACGTGGTATGACAGACGTTTGAAATTTA ACAGCACCATTAAAGTCCTCCGATTGAACAGCAACATGGTGGGGAAAA TCTGGATTCCAGACACTTTCTTCAGAAATTCCAAAAAAGCTGATGCACA CTGGATCACCACCCCCAACAGGATGCTGAGAATTTGGAATGATGGTC GAGTGCTCTACACCCTAAGGTTGACAATTGATGCTGAGTGCCAATTAC AATTGCACAACTTTCCAATGGATGAACACTCCTGCCCCTTGGAGTTCT CAAGTTATGGCTATCCACGTGAAGAAATTGTTTATCAATGGAAGCGAA GTTCTGTTGAAGTGGGCGACACAAGATCCTGGAGGCTTTATCAATTCT CATTTGTTGGTCTAAGAAATACCACCGAAGTAGTGAAGACAACTTCCG GAGATTATGTGGTCATGTCTGTCTACTTTGATCTGAGCAGAAGAATGG GATACTTTACCATCCAGACCTATATCCCCTGCACACTCATTGTCGTCCT ATCCTGGGTGTCTTTCTGGATCAATAAGGATGCTGTTCCAGCCAGAAC ATCTTTAGGTATCACCACTGTCCTGACAATGACCACCCTCAGCACCAT TGCCCGGAAATCGCTCCCCAAGGTCTCCTATGTCACAGCGATGGATC TCTTTGTATCTGTTTGTTTCATCTTTGTCTTCTCTGCTCTGGTGGAGTA TGGCACCTTGCATTATTTTGTCAGCAACCGGAAACCAAGCAAGGACAA AGATAAAAAGAAGAAAAACCCTGCCCCTACCATTGATATCCGCCCAAG ATCAGCAACCATTCAAATGAATAATGCTACACACCTTCAAGAGAGAGA TGAAGAGTACGGCTATGAGTGTCTGGACGGCAAGGACTGTGCCAGTT TTTTCTGCTGTTTTGAAGATTGTCGAACAGGAGCTTGGAGACATGGGA GGATACATATCCGCATTGCCAAAATGGACTCCTATGCTCGGATCTTCT TCCCCACTGCCTTCTGCCTGTTTAATCTGGTCTATTGGGTCTCCTACC TCTACCTGTGA GABA Target 1 (SEQ ID NO: GABA7) 5′-GTTCTTAAGGCACAGGAACTGGGAC-3′ GABA Target 2 (SEQ ID NO: GABA8) 5′-GAAGTTAACCCTGTCGTTCTGCGAC-3′ GABA Target 3 (SEQ ID NO: GABA9) 5′-GTTCTATAGGGTCTGCTTGTCGCTC-3′ GABA Signal Probe 1 (SEQ ID NO: GABA10) 5′-Cy5 GCCAGTCCCAGTTCCTGTGCCTTAAGAACCTCGC BHQ3 quench-3′ GABA Signal Probe 2 (SEQ ID NO: GABA11) 5′-Cy5.5 GCGAGTCGCAGAACGACAGGGTTAACTTCCTCGC BHQ3 quench-3′ GABA Signal Probe 3 (SEQ ID NO: GABA12) 5′-Fam GCGAGAGCGACAAGCAGACCCTATAGAACCTCGC BHQ1 quench-3″ SEQ ID NO: GCC1 5′-GTTCTTAAGGCACAGGAACTGGGAC-3′ SEQ ID NO: GCC 2 5′-Cy5 GCCAGTCCCAGTTCCTGTGCCTTAAGAACCTCGC BHQ2-3′ SEQ ID NO: GCC 3 (GUCY2C (guanylate cyclase 2C) nucleotide sequence) ATGAAGACGTTGCTGTTGGACTTGGCTTTGTGGTCACTGCTCTTCCAG CCCGGGTGGCTGTCCTTTAGTTCCCAGGTGAGTCAGAACTGCCACAA TGGCAGCTATGAAATCAGCGTCCTGATGATGGGCAACTCAGCCTTTG CAGAGCCCCTGAAAAACTTGGAAGATGCGGTGAATGAGGGGCTGGAA ATAGTGAGAGGACGTCTGCAAAATGCTGGCCTAAATGTGACTGTGAAC GCTACTTTCATGTATTCGGATGGTCTGATTCATAACTCAGGCGACTGC CGGAGTAGCACCTGTGAAGGCCTCGACCTACTCAGGAAAATTTCAAAT GCACAACGGATGGGCTGTGTCCTCATAGGGCCCTCATGTACATACTC CACCTTCCAGATGTACCTTGACACAGAATTGAGCTACCCCATGATCTC AGCTGGAAGTTTTGGATTGTCATGTGACTATAAAGAAACCTTAACCAG GCTGATGTCTCCAGCTAGAAAGTTGATGTACTTCTTGGTTAACTTTTGG AAAACCAACGATCTGCCCTTCAAAACTTATTCCTGGAGCACTTCGTAT GTTTACAAGAATGGTACAGAAACTGAGGACTGTTTCTGGTACCTTAAT GCTCTGGAGGCTAGCGTTTCCTATTTCTCCCACGAACTCGGCTTTAAG GTGGTGTTAAGACAAGATAAGGAGTTTCAGGATATCTTAATGGACCAC AACAGGAAAAGCAATGTGATTATTATGTGTGGTGGTCCAGAGTTCCTC TACAAGCTGAAGGGTGACCGAGCAGTGGCTGAAGACATTGTCATTATT CTAGTGGATCTTTTCAATGACCAGTACTTGGAGGACAATGTCACAGCC CCTGACTATATGAAAAATGTCCTTGTTCTGACGCTGTCTCCTGGGAAT TCCCTTCTAAATAGCTCTTTCTCCAGGAATCTATCACCAACAAAACGAG ACTTTGCTCTTGCCTATTTGAATGGAATCCTGCTCTTTGGACATATGCT GAAGATATTTCTTGAAAATGGAGAAAATATTACCACCCCCAAATTTGCT CATGCTTTCAGGAATCTCACTTTTGAAGGGTATGACGGTCCAGTGACC TTGGATGACTGGGGGGATGTTGACAGTACCATGGTGCTTCTGTATACC TCTGTGGACACCAAGAAATACAAGGTTCTTTTGACCTATGATACCCAC GTAAATAAGACCTATCCTGTGGATATGAGCCCCACATTCACTTGGAAG AACTCTAAACTTCCTAATGATATTACAGGCCGGGGCCCTCAGATCCTG ATGATTGCAGTCTTCACCCTCACTGGAGCTGTGGTGCTGCTCCTGCTC GTCGCTCTCCTGATGCTCAGAAAATATAGAAAAGATTATGAACTTCGT CAGAAAAAATGGTCCCACATTCCTCCTGAAAATATCTTTCCTCTGGAG ACCAATGAGACCAATCATGTTAGCCTCAAGATCGATGATGACAAAAGA CGAGATACAATCCAGAGACTACGACAGTGCAAATACGACAAAAAGCG AGTGATTCTCAAAGATCTCAAGCACAATGATGGTAATTTCACTGAAAAA CAGAAGATAGAATTGAACAAGTTGCTTCAGATTGACTATTACAACCTGA CCAAGTTCTACGGCACAGTGAAACTTGATACCATGATCTTCGGGGTGA TAGAATACTGTGAGAGAGGATCCCTCCGGGAAGTTTTAAATGACACAA TTTCCTACCCTGATGGCACATTCATGGATTGGGAGTTTAAGATCTCTG TCTTGTATGACATTGCTAAGGGAATGTCATATCTGCACTCCAGTAAGA CAGAAGTCCATGGTCGTCTGAAATCTACCAACTGCGTAGTGGACAGTA GAATGGTGGTGAAGATCACTGATTTTGGCTGCAATTCCATTTTACCTC CAAAAAAGGACCTGTGGACAGCTCCAGAGCACCTCCGCCAAGCCAAC ATCTCTCAGAAAGGAGATGTGTACAGCTATGGGATCATCGCACAGGA GATCATTCTGCGGAAAGAAACCTTCTACACTTTGAGCTGTCGGGACCG GAATGAGAAGATTTTCAGAGTGGAAAATTCCAATGGAATGAAACCCTT CCGCCCAGATTTATTCTTGGAAACAGCAGAGGAAAAAGAGCTAGAAGT GTACCTACTTGTAAAAAACTGTTGGGAGGAAGATCCAGAAAAGAGACC AGATTTCAAAAAAATTGAGACTACACTTGCCAAGATATTTGGACTTTTT CATGACCAAAAAAATGAAAGCTATATGGATACCTTGATCCGACGTCTA CAGCTATATTCTCGAAACCTGGAACATCTGGTAGAGGAAAGGACACAG CTGTACAAGGCAGAGAGGGACAGGGCTGACAGACTTAACTTTATGTT GCTTCCAAGGCTAGTGGTAAAGTCTCTGAAGGAGAAAGGCTTTGTGG AGCCGGAACTATATGAGGAAGTTACAATCTACTTCAGTGACATTGTAG GTTTCACTACTATCTGCAAATACAGCACCCCCATGGAAGTGGTGGACA TGCTTAATGACATCTATAAGAGTTTTGACCACATTGTTGATCATCATGA TGTCTACAAGGTGGAAACCATCGGTGATGCGTACATGGTGGCTAGTG GTTTGCCTAAGAGAAATGGCAATCGGCATGCAATAGACATTGCCAAGA TGGCCTTGGAAATCCTCAGCTTCATGGGGACCTTTGAGCTGGAGCAT CTTCCTGGCCTCCCAATATGGATTCGCATTGGAGTTCACTCTGGTCCC TGTGCTGCTGGAGTTGTGGGAATCAAGATGCCTCGTTATTGTCTATTT GGAGATACGGTCAACACAGCCTCTAGGATGGAATCCACTGGCCTCCC TTTGAGAATTCACGTGAGTGGCTCCACCATAGCCATCCTGAAGAGAAC TGAGTGCCAGTTCCTTTATGAAGTGAGAGGAGAAACATACTTAAAGGG AAGAGGAAATGAGACTACCTACTGGCTGACTGGGATGAAGGACCAGA AATTCAACCTGCCAACCCCTCCTACTGTGGAGAATCAACAGCGTTTGC AAGCAGAATTTTCAGACATGATTGCCAACTCTTTACAGAAAAGACAGG CAGCAGGGATAAGAAGCCAAAAACCCAGACGGGTAGCCAGCTATAAA AAAGGCACTCTGGAATACTTGCAGCTGAATACCACAGACAAGGAGAG CACCTATTTTTAA Homo sapiens (H. s.) cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: CFTR1): atgcagaggtcgcctctggaaaaggccagcgttgtctccaaactttttttcagctggaccagaccaatttt gaggaaaggatacagacagcgcctggaattgtcagacatataccaaatcccttctgttgattctgctgac aatctatctgaaaaattggaaagagaatgggatagagagctggcttcaaagaaaaatcctaaactcatt aatgcccttcggcgatgttttttctggagatttatgttctatggaatctttttatatttaggggaagtcaccaaag cagtacagcctctcttactgggaagaatcatagcttcctatgacccggataacaaggaggaacgctcta tcgcgatttatctaggcataggcttatgccttctctttattgtgaggacactgctcctacacccagccatttttg gccttcatcacattggaatgcagatgagaatagctatgtttagtttgatttataagaagactttaaagctgtc aagccgtgttctagataaaataagtattggacaacttgttagtctcctttccaacaacctgaacaaatttgat gaaggacttgcattggcacatttcgtgtggatcgctcctttgcaagtggcactcctcatggggctaatctgg gagttgttacaggcgtctgccttctgtggacttggtttcctgatagtccttgccctttttcaggctgggctaggg agaatgatgatgaagtacagagatcagagagctgggaagatcagtgaaagacttgtgattacctcag aaatgattgaaaatatccaatctgttaaggcatactgctgggaagaagcaatggaaaaaatgattgaa aacttaagacaaacagaactgaaactgactcggaaggcagcctatgtgagatacttcaatagctcagc cttcttcttctcagggttctttgtggtgtttttatctgtgcttccctatgcactaatcaaaggaatcatcctccgga aaatattcaccaccatctcattctgcattgttctgcgcatggcggtcactcggcaatttccctgggctgtaca aacatggtatgactctcttggagcaataaacaaaatacaggatttcttacaaaagcaagaatataagac attggaatataacttaacgactacagaagtagtgatggagaatgtaacagccttctgggaggagggatt tggggaattatttgagaaagcaaaacaaaacaataacaatagaaaaacttctaatggtgatgacagcc tcttcttcagtaatttctcacttcttggtactcctgtcctgaaagatattaatttcaagatagaaagaggacagt tgttggcggttgctggatccactggagcaggcaagacttcacttctaatggtgattatgggagaactgga gccttcagagggtaaaattaagcacagtggaagaatttcattctgttctcagttttcctggattatgcctggc accattaaagaaaatatcatctttggtgtttcctatgatgaatatagatacagaagcgtcatcaaagcatg ccaactagaagaggacatctccaagtttgcagagaaagacaatatagttcttggagaaggtggaatca cactgagtggaggtcaacgagcaagaatttctttagcaagagcagtatacaaagatgctgatttgtattta ttagactctccttttggatacctagatgttttaacagaaaaagaaatatttgaaagctgtgtctgtaaactgat ggctaacaaaactaggattttggtcacttctaaaatggaacatttaaagaaagctgacaaaatattaatttt gcatgaaggtagcagctatttttatgggacattttcagaactccaaaatctacagccagactttagctcaa aactcatgggatgtgattctttcgaccaatttagtgcagaaagaagaaattcaatcctaactgagacctta caccgtttctcattagaaggagatgctcctgtctcctggacagaaacaaaaaaacaatcttttaaacaga ctggagagtttggggaaaaaaggaagaattctattctcaatccaatcaactctatacgaaaattttccatt gtgcaaaagactcccttacaaatgaatggcatcgaagaggattctgatgagcctttagagagaaggct gtccttagtaccagattctgagcagggagaggcgatactgcctcgcatcagcgtgatcagcactggccc cacgcttcaggcacgaaggaggcagtctgtcctgaacctgatgacacactcagttaaccaaggtcaga acattcaccgaaagacaacagcatccacacgaaaagtgtcactggcccctcaggcaaacttgactga actggatatatattcaagaaggttatctcaagaaactggcttggaaataagtgaagaaattaacgaaga agacttaaaggagtgcttttttgatgatatggagagcataccagcagtgactacatggaacacatacctt cgatatattactgtccacaagagcttaatttttgtgctaatttggtgcttagtaatttttctggcagaggtggctg cttctttggttgtgctgtggctccttggaaacactcctcttcaagacaaagggaatagtactcatagtagaa ataacagctatgcagtgattatcaccagcaccagttcgtattatgtgttttacatttacgtgggagtagccga cactttgcttgctatgggattcttcagaggtctaccactggtgcatactctaatcacagtgtcgaaaattttac accacaaaatgttacattctgttcttcaagcacctatgtcaaccctcaacacgttgaaagcaggtgggatt cttaatagattctccaaagatatagcaattttggatgaccttctgcctcttaccatatttgacttcatccagttgt tattaattgtgattggagctatagcagttgtcgcagttttacaaccctacatctttgttgcaacagtgccagtg atagtggcttttattatgttgagagcatatttcctccaaacctcacagcaactcaaacaactggaatctgaa ggcaggagtccaattttcactcatcttgttacaagcttaaaaggactatggacacttcgtgccttcggacg gcagccttactttgaaactctgttccacaaagctctgaatttacatactgccaactggttcttgtacctgtcaa cactgcgctggttccaaatgagaatagaaatgatttttgtcatcttcttcattgctgttaccttcatttccatttta acaacaggagaaggagaaggaagagttggtattatcctgactttagccatgaatatcatgagtacattg cagtgggctgtaaactccagcatagatgtggatagcttgatgcgatctgtgagccgagtctttaagttcatt gacatgccaacagaaggtaaacctaccaagtcaaccaaaccatacaagaatggccaactctcgaaa gttatgattattgagaattcacacgtgaagaaagatgacatctggccctcagggggccaaatgactgtc aaagatctcacagcaaaatacacagaaggtggaaatgccatattagagaacatttccttctcaataagt cctggccagagggtgggcctcttgggaagaactggatcagggaagagtactttgttatcagcttttttgag actactgaacactgaaggagaaatccagatcgatggtgtgtcttgggattcaataactttgcaacagtgg aggaaagcctttggagtgataccacagaaagtatttattttttctggaacatttagaaaaaacttggatccc tatgaacagtggagtgatcaagaaatatggaaagttgcagatgaggttgggctcagatctgtgatagaa cagtttcctgggaagcttgactttgtccttgtggatgggggctgtgtcctaagccatggccacaagcagttg atgtgcttggctagatctgttctcagtaaggcgaagatcttgctgcttgatgaacccagtgctcatttggatc cagtaacataccaaataattagaagaactctaaaacaagcatttgctgattgcacagtaattctctgtga acacaggatagaagcaatgctggaatgccaacaatttttggtcatagaagagaacaaagtgcggcag tacgattccatccagaaactgctgaacgagaggagcctcttccggcaagccatcagcccctccgacag ggtgaagctctttccccaccggaactcaagcaagtgcaagtctaagccccagattgctgctctgaaaga ggagacagaagaagaggtgcaagatacaaggctttga CFTR Target Sequence 1 (SEQ ID NO: CFTR2): 5′-GTTCTTAAGGCACAGGAACTGGGAC-3′ CFTR Signaling probe 1 (SEQ ID NO: CFTR3): 5′-Cy5 GCCAGTCCCAGTTCCTGTGCCTTAAGAACCTCGC BHQ2-3′ H. s. SCN9A (SEQ ID NO: NAV-1) atggcaatgttgcctcccccaggacctcagagctttgtccatttcacaaaacagtctcttgccctcattgaa caacgcattgctgaaagaaaatcaaaggaacccaaagaagaaaagaaagatgatgatgaagaag ccccaaagccaagcagtgacttggaagctggcaaacaactgcccttcatctatggggacattcctccc ggcatggtgtcagagcccctggaggacttggacccctactatgcagacaaaaagactttcatagtattg aacaaagggaaaacaatcttccgtttcaatgccacacctgctttatatatgctttctcctttcagtcctctaag aagaatatctattaagattttagtacactccttattcagcatgctcatcatgtgcactattctgacaaactgca tatttatgaccatgaataacccgccggactggaccaaaaatgtcgagtacacttttactggaatatatactt ttgaatcacttgtaaaaatccttgcaagaggcttctgtgtaggagaattcacttttcttcgtgacccgtggaa ctggctggattttgtcgtcattgtttttgcgtatttaacagaatttgtaaacctaggcaatgtttcagctcttcga actttcagagtattgagagctttgaaaactatttctgtaatcccaggcctgaagacaattgtaggggctttg atccagtcagtgaagaagctttctgatgtcatgatcctgactgtgttctgtctgagtgtgtttgcactaattgg actacagctgttcatgggaaacctgaagcataaatgttttcgaaattcacttgaaaataatgaaacattag aaagcataatgaataccctagagagtgaagaagactttagaaaatatttttattacttggaaggatccaa agatgctctcctttgtggtttcagcacagattcaggtcagtgtccagaggggtacacctgtgtgaaaattgg cagaaaccctgattatggctacacgagctttgacactttcagctgggccttcttagccttgtttaggctaatg acccaagattactgggaaaacctttaccaacagacgctgcgtgctgctggcaaaacctacatgatcttct ttgtcgtagtgattttcctgggctccttttatctaataaacttgatcctggctgtggttgccatggcatatgaaga acagaaccaggcaaacattgaagaagctaaacagaaagaattagaatttcaacagatgttagaccgt cttaaaaaagagcaagaagaagctgaggcaattgcagcggcagcggctgaatatacaagtattagg agaagcagaattatgggcctctcagagagttcttctgaaacatccaaactgagctctaaaagtgctaaa gaaagaagaaacagaagaaagaaaaagaatcaaaagaagctctccagtggagaggaaaaggg agatgctgagaaattgtcgaaatcagaatcagaggacagcatcagaagaaaaagtttccaccttggtg tcgaagggcataggcgagcacatgaaaagaggttgtctacccccaatcagtcaccactcagcattcgt ggctccttgttttctgcaaggcgaagcagcagaacaagtctttttagtttcaaaggcagaggaagagata taggatctgagactgaatttgccgatgatgagcacagcatttttggagacaatgagagcagaaggggct cactgtttgtgccccacagaccccaggagcgacgcagcagtaacatcagccaagccagtaggtcccc accaatgctgccggtgaacgggaaaatgcacagtgctgtggactgcaacggtgtggtctccctggttga tggacgctcagccctcatgctccccaatggacagcttctgccagagggcacgaccaatcaaatacaca agaaaaggcgttgtagttcctatctcctttcagaggatatgctgaatgatcccaacctcagacagagagc aatgagtagagcaagcatattaacaaacactgtggaagaacttgaagagtccagacaaaaatgtcca ccttggtggtacagatttgcacacaaattcttgatctggaattgctctccatattggataaaattcaaaaagt gtatctattttattgtaatggatcctttgtagatcttgcaattaccatttgcatagttttaaacacattatttatggc tatggaacaccacccaatgactgaggaattcaaaaatgtacttgctataggaaatttggtctttactggaa tctttgcagctgaaatggtattaaaactgattgccatggatccatatgagtatttccaagtaggctggaatat ttttgacagccttattgtgactttaagtttagtggagctctttctagcagatgtggaaggattgtcagttctgcg atcattcagactgctccgagtcttcaagttggcaaaatcctggccaacattgaacatgctgattaagatca ttggtaactcagtaggggctctaggtaacctcaccttagtgttggccatcatcgtcttcatttttgctgtggtcg gcatgcagctctttggtaagagctacaaagaatgtgtctgcaagatcaatgatgactgtacgctcccacg gtggcacatgaacgacttcttccactccttcctgattgtgttccgcgtgctgtgtggagagtggatagagac catgtgggactgtatggaggtcgctggtcaagctatgtgccttattgtttacatgatggtcatggtcattgga aacctggtggtcctaaacctatttctggccttattattgagctcatttagttcagacaatcttacagcaattga agaagaccctgatgcaaacaacctccagattgcagtgactagaattaaaaagggaataaattatgtga aacaaaccttacgtgaatttattctaaaagcattttccaaaaagccaaagatttccagggagataagac aagcagaagatctgaatactaagaaggaaaactatatttctaaccatacacttgctgaaatgagcaaa ggtcacaatttcctcaaggaaaaagataaaatcagtggttttggaagcagcgtggacaaacacttgatg gaagacagtgatggtcaatcatttattcacaatcccagcctcacagtgacagtgccaattgcacctggg gaatccgatttggaaaatatgaatgctgaggaacttagcagtgattcggatagtgaatacagcaaagtg agattaaaccggtcaagctcctcagagtgcagcacagttgataaccctttgcctggagaaggagaaga agcagaggctgaacctatgaattccgatgagccagaggcctgtttcacagatggttgtgtacggaggttc tcatgctgccaagttaacatagagtcagggaaaggaaaaatctggtggaacatcaggaaaacctgct acaagattgttgaacacagttggtttgaaagcttcattgtcctcatgatcctgctcagcagtggtgccctgg cttttgaagatatttatattgaaaggaaaaagaccattaagattatcctggagtatgcagacaagatcttca cttacatcttcattctggaaatgcttctaaaatggatagcatatggttataaaacatatttcaccaatgcctgg tgttggctggatttcctaattgttgatgtttctttggttactttagtggcaaacactcttggctactcagatcttggc cccattaaatcccttcggacactgagagctttaagacctctaagagccttatctagatttgaaggaatgag ggtcgttgtgaatgcactcataggagcaattccttccatcatgaatgtgctacttgtgtgtcttatattctggct gatattcagcatcatgggagtaaatttgtttgctggcaagttctatgagtgtattaacaccacagatgggtc acggtttcctgcaagtcaagttccaaatcgttccgaatgttttgcccttatgaatgttagtcaaaatgtgcgat ggaaaaacctgaaagtgaactttgataatgtcggacttggttacctatctctgcttcaagttgcaacttttaa gggatggacgattattatgtatgcagcagtggattctgttaatgtagacaagcagcccaaatatgaatata gcctctacatgtatatttattttgtcgtctttatcatctttgggtcattcttcactttgaacttgttcattggtgtcatca tagataatttcaaccaacagaaaaagaagcttggaggtcaagacatctttatgacagaagaacagaa gaaatactataatgcaatgaaaaagctggggtccaagaagccacaaaagccaattcctcgaccagg gaacaaaatccaaggatgtatatttgacctagtgacaaatcaagcctttgatattagtatcatggttcttatc tgtctcaacatggtaaccatgatggtagaaaaggagggtcaaagtcaacatatgactgaagttttatattg gataaatgtggtttttataatccttttcactggagaatgtgtgctaaaactgatctccctcagacactactactt cactgtaggatggaatatttttgattttgtggttgtgattatctccattgtaggtatgtttctagctgatttgattga aacgtattttgtgtcccctaccctgttccgagtgatccgtcttgccaggattggccgaatcctacgtctagtc aaaggagcaaaggggatccgcacgctgctctttgctttgatgatgtcccttcctgcgttgtttaacatcggc ctcctgctcttcctggtcatgttcatctacgccatctttggaatgtccaactttgcctatgttaaaaaggaagat ggaattaatgacatgttcaattttgagacctttggcaacagtatgatttgcctgttccaaattacaacctctgc tggctgggatggattgctagcacctattcttaacagtaagccacccgactgtgacccaaaaaaagttcat cctggaagttcagttgaaggagactgtggtaacccatctgttggaatattctactttgttagttatatcatcat atccttcctggttgtggtgaacatgtacattgcagtcatactggagaattttagtgttgccactgaagaaagt actgaacctctgagtgaggatgactttgagatgttctatgaggtttgggagaagtttgatcccgatgcgac ccagtttatagagttctctaaactctctgattttgcagctgccctggatcctcctcttctcatagcaaaaccca acaaagtccagctcattgccatggatctgcccatggttagtggtgaccggatccattgtcttgacatcttatt tgcttttacaaagcgtgttttgggtgagagtggggagatggattctcttcgttcacagatggaagaaaggtt catgtctgcaaatccttccaaagtgtcctatgaacccatcacaaccacactaaaacggaaacaagagg atgtgtctgctactgtcattcagcgtgcttatagacgttaccgcttaaggcaaaatgtcaaaaatatatcaa gtatatacataaaagatggagacagagatgatgatttactcaataaaaaagatatggcttttgataatgtt aatgagaactcaagtccagaaaaaacagatgccacttcatccaccacctctccaccttcatatgatagt gtaacaaagccagacaaagagaaatatgaacaagacagaacagaaaaggaagacaaagggaa agacagcaaggaaagcaaaaaatag H. s. SCN1B (SEQ ID NO: NAV-2): Atggggaggctgctggccttagtggtcggcgcggcactggtgtcctcagcctgcgggggctgcgtgga ggtggactcggagaccgaggccgtgtatgggatgaccttcaaaattctttgcatctcctgcaagcgccgc agcgagaccaacgctgagaccttcaccgagtggaccttccgccagaagggcactgaggagtttgtca agatcctgcgctatgagaatgaggtgttgcagctggaggaggatgagcgcttcgagggccgcgtggtg tggaatggcagccggggcaccaaagacctgcaggatctgtctatcttcatcaccaatgtcacctacaac cactcgggcgactacgagtgccacgtctaccgcctgctcttcttcgaaaactacgagcacaacaccag cgtcgtcaagaagatccacattgaggtagtggacaaagccaacagagacatggcatccatcgtgtctg agatcatgatgtatgtgctcattgtggtgttgaccatatggctcgtggcagagatgatttactgctacaaga agatcgctgccgccacggagactgctgcacaggagaatgcctcggaatacctggccatcacctctga aagcaaagagaactgcacgggcgtccaggtggccgaatag H. s. SCN2B (SEQ ID NO: NAV-3): Atgcacagagatgcctggctacctcgccctgccttcagcctcacggggctcagtctctttttctctttggtgc caccaggacggagcatggaggtcacagtacctgccaccctcaacgtcctcaatggctctgacgcccg cctgccctgcaccttcaactcctgctacacagtgaaccacaaacagttctccctgaactggacttaccag gagtgcaacaactgctctgaggagatgttcctccagttccgcatgaagatcattaacctgaagctggag cggtttcaagaccgcgtggagttctcagggaaccccagcaagtacgatgtgtcggtgatgctgagaaa cgtgcagccggaggatgaggggatttacaactgctacatcatgaacccccctgaccgccaccgtggc catggcaagatccatctgcaggtcctcatggaagagccccctgagcgggactccacggtggccgtgat tgtgggtgcctccgtcgggggcttcctggctgtggtcatcttggtgctgatggtggtcaagtgtgtgaggag aaaaaaagagcagaagctgagcacagatgacctgaagaccgaggaggagggcaagacggacg gtgaaggcaacccggatgatggcgccaagtag NaV Target sequence 1 (SEQ ID NO: NAV-4) 5′-GTTCTTAAGGCACAGGAACTGGGAC-3′ NaV Target sequence 2 (SEQ ID NO: NAV-5) 5′-GAAGTTAACCCTGTCGTTCTGCGAC-3′ NaV Target sequence 3 (SEQ ID NO: NAV-6) 5′-GTTCTATAGGGTCTGCTTGTCGCTC-3′ NaV Signaling probe 1 (binds target 1) (SEQ ID NO: NAV-7) 5′-Cy5 GCCAGTCCCAGTTCCTGTGCCTTAAGAACCTCGC BHQ2 quench-3′ NaV Signaling probe 2 - (binds target 2) (SEQ ID NO: NAV-8) 5′-Cy5.5 GCGAGTCGCAGAACGACAGGGTTAACTTCCTCGC BHQ2 quench-3′ NaV Signaling probe 3 - (binds target 3) (SEQ ID NO: NAV-9) 5′-Fam GCGAGAGCGACAAGCAGACCCTATAGAACCTCGC BHQ1 quench-3′ 

1-172. (canceled)
 173. A matched panel of clonal cell lines, wherein the clonal cell lines are of the same cell type, and wherein each cell line in the panel expresses an RNA or a protein of interest, and wherein the clonal cell lines in the panel are matched to share the same physiological property to allow parallel processing.
 174. The matched panel of clonal cell lines of claim 173, wherein the physiological property is: a) growth rate; b) adherence to a tissue culture surface; c) a Z′ factor in a functional assay; d) expression level of RNA encoding a protein of interest; e) expression level of the RNA of interest; or e) expression level of the protein of interest.
 175. The matched panel of clonal cell lines of claim 174, wherein the physiological property is growth rate and the growth rates of the clonal cell lines in the panel are within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 10 hours of each other.
 176. The matched panel of clonal cell lines of claim 173, wherein the culture conditions are the same for all clonal cell lines in the panel.
 177. The matched panel of clonal cell lines of claim 173, wherein the clonal cell line is a) a eukaryotic cell line; or b) a prokaryotic cell line.
 178. The matched panel of clonal cell lines of claim 173, wherein the clonal cell line is a mammalian cell line;
 179. The matched panel of clonal cell lines of claim 173, wherein the clonal cell line is: a) a cell line of primary cells; or b) a cell line of immortalized cells.
 180. The matched panel of clonal cell lines of claim 173, wherein the cells in the cell line are engineered to express the protein of interest.
 181. The matched panel of clonal cell lines of claim 173, wherein: a) the cells in the cell line express the protein of interest from an introduced nucleic acid encoding the protein; or b) the protein of interest is a multimeric protein and the cells in the cell line express at least one subunit of the multimeric protein from at least one introduced nucleic acid encoding the at least one subunit.
 182. The matched panel of clonal cell lines of claim 173, wherein: a) the cells express the protein of interest from an endogenous nucleic acid and wherein the cell is engineered to activate transcription of the endogenous protein; or b) the protein of interest is a multimeric protein and the cells in the cell line express at least one subunit of the multimeric protein from an endogenous nucleic acid and wherein the cell is engineered to activate transcription of the at least one subunit.
 183. The matched panel of clonal cell lines of claim 173, wherein the panel comprises: a) at least four clonal cell lines; b) at least six clonal cell lines; or c) at least twenty-five clonal cell lines.
 184. The matched panel of clonal cell lines of claim 173, wherein two or more of the clonal cell lines in the panel express the same protein of interest.
 185. The matched panel of clonal cell lines of claim 173, wherein two or more of the clonal cell lines in the panel express a different protein of interest.
 186. The matched panel of clonal cell lines of claim 173, wherein the cell lines in the panel express different forms of a protein of interest, wherein the forms are selected from the group consisting of isoforms, amino acid sequence variants, splice variants, truncated forms, fusion proteins, chimeras, proteolytic cleavage forms, or combinations thereof.
 187. The matched panel of clonal cell lines of claim 173, wherein the cell lines in the panel express different proteins in a group of proteins of interest, wherein the groups of proteins of interest are selected from the group consisting of: proteins in the same signaling pathway, expression library of similar proteins, monoclonal antibody heavy chain library, monoclonal antibody light chain library and SNPs.
 188. The matched panel of clonal cell lines of claim 173, wherein the protein of interest is a single chain protein.
 189. The matched panel of clonal cell lines of claim 173, wherein the single chain protein is a G protein coupled receptor.
 190. The matched panel of clonal cell lines of claim 189, wherein the G protein coupled receptor is a taste receptor.
 191. The matched panel of clonal cell lines of claim 190, wherein the taste receptor is selected from the group consisting of a bitter taste receptor, a sweet taste receptor, a salt taste receptor and a umami taste receptor.
 192. The matched panel of clonal cell lines of claim 173, wherein the protein is a multimeric protein.
 193. The matched panel of clonal cell lines of claim 173, wherein the protein is a heterodimer or a heteromultimer.
 194. The matched panel of clonal cell lines of claim 173, wherein the protein is selected from the group consisting of: an ion channel, an ion channel, a G protein coupled receptor (GPCR), tyrosine receptor kinase, cytokine receptor, nuclear steroid hormone receptor and immunological receptor.
 195. The matched panel of clonal cell lines of claim 194, wherein the protein is a) Epithelial sodium Channel (ENaC); or b) voltage gated sodium channel (NaV).
 196. The matched panel of clonal cell lines of claim 173, wherein the protein is selected from the group consisting of gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptor (GABA_(A) receptor), gamma-aminobutyric acid B receptor (GABA_(B) receptor) and gamma-aminobutyric acid C receptor (GABA_(C) receptor).
 197. The matched panel of clonal cell lines of claim 173, wherein the clonal cell lines in the panel were produced simultaneously, or within no more than 4 weeks of each other.
 198. A method for producing a cell that expresses a protein of interest, wherein the cell has at least one desired property that is consistent over time, comprising the steps of: a) providing a plurality of cells that express mRNA encoding the protein of interest; b) dispersing cells individually into individual culture vessels, thereby providing a plurality of separate cell cultures c) culturing the cells under a set of desired culture conditions using automated cell culture methods characterized in that the conditions are substantially identical for each of the separate cell cultures, during which culturing the number of cells per separate cell culture is normalized from culture to culture, and wherein the separate cultures are passaged on the same schedule; d) assaying the separate cell cultures for at least one desired characteristic of the protein of interest at least twice; and e) identifying a separate cell culture that has the desired characteristic in both assays.
 199. A cell that expresses a heterodimeric protein of interest, said cell being characterized in that it produces the heterodimeric protein of interest in a form suitable for use in a functional assay, wherein said protein of interest does not comprise a protein tag, or said protein is produced in that form consistently and reproducibly such that the cell has a Z′ factor of at least 0.4 in the functional assay, or said cell is cultured in the absence of selective pressure, or any combinations thereof, wherein: a) at least one subunit of the heterodimeric protein of interest is expressed from an introduced nucleic acid; or b) the cell is engineered to activate transcription of an endogenous nucleic acid encoding at least one subunit of the heterodimeric protein of interest.
 200. A cell that expresses a heterodimeric protein of interest, said cell being characterized in that it produces the protein of interest in a form that is or is capable of becoming biologically active, wherein the cell is cultured in the absence of selective pressure, wherein: a) at least one subunit of the heterodimeric protein of interest is expressed from an introduced nucleic acid; or b) the cell is engineered to activate transcription of an endogenous nucleic acid encoding at least one subunit of the heterodimeric protein of interest.
 201. A cell that expresses a heteromultimeric protein of interest wherein said heteromultimeric protein comprises at least 3 subunits, said cell being characterized in that it produces the heteromultimeric protein of interest in a form suitable for use in a functional assay, wherein said protein of interest does not comprise a protein tag, or said protein is produced in that form consistently and reproducibly such that the cell has a Z′ factor of at least 0.4 in the functional assay, or said cell is cultured in the absence of selective pressure, or any combinations thereof, wherein: a) at least one subunit of the heteromultimeric protein of interest is expressed from an introduced nucleic acid; or b) the cell is engineered to activate transcription of an endogenous nucleic acid encoding at least one subunit of the heteromultimeric protein of interest.
 202. A cell that expresses a heteromultimeric protein of interest wherein said heteromultimeric protein comprises at least 3 subunits, said cell being characterized in that it produces the protein of interest in a form that is or is capable of becoming biologically active, wherein: a) at least one subunit of the heteromultimeric protein of interest is encoded by an introduced nucleic acid; or b) the cell is engineered to activate transcription of an endogenous nucleic acid encoding at least one subunit of the heteromultimeric protein of interest.
 203. A cell that expresses two or more proteins of interest, said cell being characterized in that it produces the proteins of interest in a form suitable for use in a functional assay, wherein said proteins of interest do not comprise a protein tag, or said proteins are produced in that form consistently and reproducibly such that the cell has a Z′ factor of at least 0.4 in the functional assay, or said cell is cultured in the absence of selective pressure, or any combinations thereof, wherein: a) at least one protein of interest is encoded by an introduced nucleic acid; or b) the cell is engineered to activate transcription of an endogenous nucleic acid encoding at least one protein of interest.
 204. A cell that expresses two or more proteins of interest, said cell being characterized in that it produces the proteins of interest in a form that is or is capable of becoming biologically active, wherein: a) at least one protein of interest is encoded by an introduced nucleic acid; or b) the cell is engineered to activate transcription of an endogenous nucleic acid encoding at least one protein of interest.
 205. A cell that expresses at least one RNA of interest, said cell being characterized in that it produces the at least one RNA of interest in a form suitable for use in a functional assay, wherein said RNA of interest do not comprise a tag, or said RNA is produced in that form consistently and reproducibly such that the cell has a Z′ factor of at least 0.4 in the functional assay, or said cell is cultured in the absence of selective pressure, or any combinations thereof, wherein: a) the at least one RNA of interest is encoded by an introduced nucleic acid; or b) the cell is engineered to activate transcription of an endogenous nucleic acid encoding the at least one RNA of interest.
 206. A cell that expresses a monomeric protein of interest from an introduced nucleic acid encoding said monomeric protein of interest, characterized in that it produces the protein of interest in a form that is or is capable of becoming biologically active, wherein the cell is cultured in the absence of selective pressure and wherein the expression of the protein does not vary by more than 30% over 3 months.
 207. A method for identifying a modulator of a protein of interest comprising the steps of a) contacting a cell according to any one of claims 199 to 206 with a test compound; and b) detecting a change in the activity of the protein of interest in the cell contacted with the test compound compared to the activity of the protein in a cell not contacted by the test compound; wherein a compound that produces a difference in the activity in the presence compared to in the absence is a modulator of the protein of interest.
 208. A modulator identified by the method of claim
 207. 209. A cell that expresses at least one protein of interest, wherein the protein of interest has no known ligand or wherein there is no known assay to detect functional expression of said protein of interest; and wherein said protein of interest does not comprise a protein tag.
 210. A method for generating a cell line, wherein the method comprises culturing a plurality of cell lines in a plurality of parallel cultures under identical culture conditions, and identifying a cell line that has at least one property that remains consistent over time. 